连作三七根际土壤化感物质检测及其提取液对三种作物种子萌发的影响

[目的]探讨连作三七根际土壤中化感物质的种类及土壤浸提液对不同作物种子萌发的影响,为揭示连作三七根际土壤的化感作用机理提供理论依据.[方法]采用高效液相色谱分析(HPLC)测定未种植过三七的生土及种植1年、2年和3年三七的根际土壤中化感物质的种类及相对含量,并采用生物测定方法检测不同土壤浸提液对当地常见大田作物油菜、玉米和白菜种子萌发的影响.[结果]不同种植年限三七根际土壤中均检测到酚酸类化合物,随着种植年限的增加,除肉桂酸外,多数酚酸类化合物的含量(通过峰面积判断)较生土呈下降趋势,但无明显变化规律.同一种植年限下,较生土而言,随着土壤水提液浓度的增大,3种作物种子的萌发率整体上呈升高趋势;同一土壤水提液浓度处理下,种植3年三七的根际土壤水提取液对3种作物种子萌发的促进作用明显高于其他年限根际土壤水提液.不同溶剂土壤提取液处理下,随着土壤提取液浓度的提高,3种作物发芽率、发芽势及发芽指数逐渐表现出差异,多随着提取液浓度的增加,表现出促进作用.[结论]三七连作土壤中的大多数酚酸类化合物可能不是主要的化感物质,其土壤提取液对部分作物种子的萌发表现出浓度依赖性.     

Allelopathic potential of itchgrass (Rottboellia exaltata L. f.) powder incorporated into soil

Itchgrass ( Rottboellia exaltata L. f.) is a widespread weed in northern Thailand. The farmers in this area have been using itchgrass as a mulching material in order to control other weeds in vegetable fields. Laboratory experiments were undertaken to investigate the phytotoxic activity of itchgrass powder incorporated into soil in order to evaluate the allelopathic activity in the field. The phytotoxic activity on the growth of radish seedlings ( Raphanus sativa L. var. radicula ), used as a test plant, was more pronounced in the root than in the shoot growth. The phytotoxic activity was found to be similar for the soils incorporated with the shoot or the root powder of itchgrass. The growth of the radish seedlings grown in sea sand and watered with soil water obtained from the soil previously incorporated with itchgrass powder showed a similar inhibition to those planted in the treated soil. The phytotoxic activity on the growth of the radish seedlings in the soil incorporated with the powder decreased over time. It is suggested that itchgrass releases phytotoxic compound(s) into soil water and the concentration of the active compound(s) in the soil water decreases over time.     

Ecological weed management by cover cropping: effects on weed growth in autumn and weed establishment in spring

Cover crops grown in the period between two main crops have potential as an important component of a system‐oriented ecological weed management strategy. In late summer and autumn, the cover crop can suppress growth and seed production of weeds, whereas the incorporation of cover crop residues in spring may reduce or retard weed emergence. Based on these two criteria, six cover crop species were evaluated for their weed suppressive potential in 2 years of experimentation in the Netherlands. Fodder radish, winter oilseed rape and winter rye had the strongest competitive ability in autumn; the competitive strength of Italian ryegrass was intermediate and white lupin and lucerne were poor competitors. Competitiveness was strongly correlated to early light interception. Surprisingly, doubling the recommended sowing density did not increase weed suppressive ability. Although a poor competitor in the fall, after incorporation in spring, lucerne had the strongest inhibitory effect on seedling establishment, followed by winter oilseed rape and white lupin. Winter rye and fodder radish did not affect seedling establishment, whereas Italian ryegrass was not evaluated because of re‐growth after incorporation. Competition in autumn and subsequent residue‐mediated suppression of weed establishment in spring varied among the cover crop species, with winter oilseed rape offering relatively strong effects during both periods.     

入侵杂草紫茎泽兰的化感作用研究进展

入侵杂草紫茎泽兰在我国严重影响农林业生产、威胁生物多样性安全,并且现仍快速向西北地区扩散,而我国目前尚缺乏对其行之有效的控制方法,因此加强对紫茎泽兰种群成功入侵机制的研究显得尤为迫切。近年来,越来越多的研究发现化感作用是紫茎泽兰成功入侵并扩张的重要原因。该文综述了紫茎泽兰化感作用的研究进展,并就其研究前景进行了探讨。     

多花黑麦草根系抑草潜力评价及其化感物质分析

以我国南方种植较普遍的多花黑麦草‘美克斯’和‘海克里斯’为供体试验材料,以杂草猪殃殃为受体材料,探讨多花黑麦草根系浸提液的化感潜力及分析主要化感物质成分(GC-MS鉴定)。结果表明,2个多花黑麦草根系浸提液对猪殃殃具有化感抑制作用,对种子发芽率大小的影响与质量分数呈负相关,随着质量分数的增加,抑制作用加强;美克斯对猪殃殃种子发芽率的抑制作用要强于海克里斯,美克斯对受体种子发芽抑制率为-0.55,海克里斯的为-0.51;2个多花黑麦草根系浸提液对猪殃殃幼苗生长也存在明显的抑制作用,表现为随着质量分数的增加抑制作用加强,在10.0%时的综合抑制率最高,其次为7.5%,再次为5.0%;相同质量分数下不同品种间以美克斯的抑制作用要强于海克里斯;美克斯根系浸提液中的化感物质包括12类,与抑制作用相关的酚酸类物质占主要成分,包括苯酚类和酸类物质。海克里斯根系分泌的化感物质中,脂肪族化合物占主要成分,包括草酸、甲醇、乙醇和丁醇类。     

不同氮素水平下三七根系分泌物对小麦的化感作用

为探讨三七在不同氮素水平下根系分泌物的化感作用,以三七种苗为供体植物,小麦为受体植物进行生物测定。结果表明,三七根系分泌物对小麦表现出化感抑制作用(敏感指数M3=-004)。从发育时期来看,小麦种子萌发阶段较幼苗生长阶段更易受化感抑制作用影响,且其发芽指数受抑程度随氮素水平的升高而逐渐增强,即过氮>正常>缺氮;在小麦幼苗生长阶段,三七根系分泌物对其地上部化感作用以促进为主,对根部生长则以抑制作用为主;且三七根系分泌物对小麦的化感作用与培养液氮素水平有关。     

丁布的生物活性研究进展

丁布是广泛存在于小麦、玉米等禾本科作物中的异羟肟酸类次生化学物质, 研究表明其具有广谱活性。本文从丁布的抗虫活性、抗菌活性、化感作用、土壤微生物活性、生态毒性及作用机理等方面进行了概述, 并对今后的研究进行了展望。     

林木根系分泌物的化感作用

目前关于根系分泌物的研究更多地是关注其与微生物间关系,而对化感方面缺乏系统全面的认识。近年来林木的化感作用逐渐成为研究热点。文中通过深入分析国内外关于林木化感作用研究,归纳总结了根系分泌物的种类、释放途径及作用特点,从化感作用的角度深刻揭示根系分泌物,指出现有研究中存在的问题并对未来的研究加以展望,以期为解决林木混交及连栽地力衰退问题提供理论参考,为实现森林可持续经营提供借鉴。     

紫茎泽兰叶片对小麦、油菜幼苗的化感作用及化感机制的初步研究

采用培养皿滤纸法和盆栽法,研究外来入侵种紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum)叶浸提液对小麦、油菜2种作物的化感作用及其生理学效应,以初步探讨其化感机制.结果表明:油菜对紫茎泽兰叶浸提液最为敏感,其浸提液浓度越高,油菜种子萌发的受抑程度越严重,幼苗生长发育的受抑作用越明显,化感系数越大,当紫茎泽兰叶粉末∶湿沙为1∶50时,对油菜的抑制作用就非常明显;经紫茎泽兰叶粉末处理后,小麦根系活力显著降低,丙二醛(MDA)含量降低,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和过氧化物酶(POD)活性显著增强,但叶绿素含量变化不大.分析认为,紫茎泽兰通过化感作用影响周边植物体内一系列正常的生理学过程,从而使其生长发育受到抑制,并导致紫茎泽兰自身表现出明显的竞争优势,成为入侵物种.