水稻化感种质筛选的初步研究

采用砂培法和蒸馏水浸提法对300份水稻品种进行了化感作用初筛，初步发现12份品种分别对稗草或莴苣的幼根、幼苗的生长具有明显的抑制作用，约占总数的4％，主要来源于外国粳稻、籼稻及广西地方晚籼品种；一般情况下，化感物质对稗草幼苗的抑制作用明显强于其对幼根的抑制作用，而对莴苣幼苗的抑制作用则明显弱于其对幼根的抑制作用；对莴苣的化感作用强于对稗草的化感作用，所以初筛时以莴苣为检测植物可提高效率；砂培法和蒸馏水浸提法具有能快速大量测定化感种质的优点，可作为初筛的主要方法，但均需改进，以提高准确性。     

凋落物对2针叶树种种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

通过研究华北落叶松云杉混交林下凋落物对2优势树种种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响表明：1）4种凋落物水浸液抑制华北落叶松和云杉种子的萌发,50.0 g/L的华北落叶松和云杉针叶水浸液的抑制作用较强;2）华北落叶松针叶和白桦树皮的水浸液促进华北落叶松幼苗生长,云杉针叶水浸液起抑制作用;3）白桦树皮水浸液抑制云杉幼苗生长,其他3种凋落物水浸液低质量浓度时促进云杉幼苗生长,高质量浓度抑制其生长;4）5.0和12.5 g/L的白桦树皮水浸液促进华北落叶松幼苗生物量,25.0和50.0 g/L时起抑制作用;5）4种水浸液均强度抑制云杉幼苗生物量;6）4种凋落物水浸液对华北落叶松和云杉种苗的影响以抑制作用为主,对云杉的作用强于华北落叶松.     

柠檬桉的他感作用研究

研究了柠檬桉脱落树皮和叶片水抽提物、根系分必物、叶片挥发物对受体萝卜发芽的他感作用，结果表明，柠檬桉脱皮和叶片水抽提物、根系分泌物、叶片挥发物都含有抑制物质；在年周期中柠檬桉的他感作用与降雨量有明显的负相关；马唐等９种参试受体植物对柠檬桉中的抑制物质有不同的敏感性；水抽提液中的抑制物质不易在土壤中滞留且对受体植物的作用效果是暂时的，而挥发性中的抑制物质在土壤中滞留时间较长而且受体植物受其作用后难以恢复生长。     

亚麻、蓖麻和大麻浸提液对SCN化感作用的研究

利用亚麻、蓖麻和大麻三种植物不同器官浸提液对SCN卵和J2的室内毒力进行了测定,结果表明亚麻根提取物显著促进胞囊孵化,且对SCNJ2毒杀效果最好;同一植物根提取物对SCNJ：毒杀效果随着浓度的增大而增强。     

Herbicidal Activity of Stylosanthes guianensis and its Phytotoxic Components

Stylosanthes guianensis is a popular pasture legume and cover crop. The legume possessed strong allelopathic potential and suppressed spontaneous growth of paddy weeds. In a bioassay, aqueous extract of S. guianensis remarkably inhibited germination and growth of barnyardgrass and monochoria. Application of 1 ton ha^?1 upland parts of S. guianensis significantly reduced paddy weed biomass by 80 % and increased rice yield by 40 % when compared with the control. Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry analysis reveals the presence of several allelochemicals in S. guianensis including phenolic acids, coumarin and long‐chain fatty acids. Stylosanthes guianensis may be used as a source of natural herbicide for reducing the dependency on synthetic herbicides in agricultural production.     

Allelopathic Effect of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. on Cyperus rotundus L. and Cynodon dactylon L. Pers.

The allelopathic potential of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (gum tree) fresh and dried leaf leachates was studied using two perennial weeds, viz. purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) and bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers) as test weeds. Aqueous leachate of fresh leaves of eucalyptus significantly suppressed the establishment of vegetative propagules and early seedling growth of the weeds. Leachate of fresh leaf cuttings had growth inhibitory effect on bermuda grass but showed growth promotion effect on purple nutsedge. Similarly the leachate of dried leaves of eucalyptus had differential influence on the growth of the two weeds. There is a possibility to harness the allelochemicals of eucalyptus leaves as herbicides for the management of these perennial weeds.     

Allelopathy in crop/weed interactions--an update

Since varietal differences in allelopathy of crops against weeds were discovered in the 1970s, much research has documented the potential that allelopathic crops offer for integrated weed management with substantially reduced herbicide rates. Research groups worldwide have identified several crop species possessing potent allelopathic interference mediated by root exudation of allelochemicals. Rice, wheat, barley and sorghum have attracted most attention. Past research focused on germplasm screening for elite allelopathic cultivars and the identification of the allelochemicals involved. Based on this, traditional breeding efforts were initiated in rice and wheat to breed agronomically acceptable, weed-suppressive cultivars with improved allelopathic interference. Promising suppressive crosses are under investigation. Molecular approaches have elucidated the genetics of allelopathy by QTL mapping which associated the trait in rice and wheat with several chromosomes and suggested the involvement of several allelochemicals. Potentially important compounds that are constitutively secreted from roots have been identified in all crop species under investigation. Biosynthesis and exudation of these metabolites follow a distinct temporal pattern and can be induced by biotic and abiotic factors. The current state of knowledge suggests that allelopathy involves fluctuating mixtures of allelochemicals and their metabolites as regulated by genotype and developmental stage of the producing plant, environment, cultivation and signalling effects, as well as the chemical or microbial turnover of compounds in the rhizosphere. Functional genomics is being applied to identify genes involved in biosynthesis of several identified allelochemicals, providing the potential to improve allelopathy by molecular breeding. The dynamics of crop allelopathy, inducible processes and plant signalling is gaining growing attention; however, future research should also consider allelochemical release mechanisms, persistence, selectivity and modes of action, as well as consequences of improved crop allelopathy on plant physiology, the environment and management strategies. Creation of weed-suppressive cultivars with improved allelopathic interference is still a challenge, but traditional breeding or biotechnology should pave the way.     

Growth inhibition due to continuous cropping of dryland rice and other crops

Rice, corn, sorghum, mungbeans, and cowpeas were continuously grown on the same land at 2- to 6-week intervals between crops to determine effects on yield. Decline of growth and yield occurred during continuous cropping. Dryland rice, mungbeans, and cowpeas were affected most, corn slightly, and sorghum was not visibly affected.

Growth inhibition in dryland rice and mungbeans occurred after one or two crops; growing the same crop in rapid succession resulted il1low grain yields. The persistence of inhibitory effects was indicated. One crop rotation or 5 months of fallow removed only a part of the harmful effects.

The causal agent appears to have a specific affinity to the host crop. Root residues of the previous crop may serve as a source of the causal agent for the subsequent crop.

Biological agents were involved in growth inhibition of rnungbeans and dryland rice. In mungbeans, the inhibitory effects appeared to be directly dependent on microorganisms. It appeared that microorganisms were not the primary cause of harmful effects in dryland rice.     

Adsorption and Transformation Reactions of L-DOPA in Soils

3-(3′,4′-Dihydroxyphenyl)-L-alanine (L-DOPA), which is a component of velvetbean (Mucuna pruriens), displays a high inhibitory activity to plant growth. The inhibitory activity is influenced by the presence of soils, because L-DOPA is eliminated in soils. In the present study, the effect of several soil types (volcanic ash, calcareous, and alluvial soils) on the L-DOPA disappearance was investigated at constant equilibrium pH values. In the presence of soils, L-DOPA disappeared with the reaction time, and the disappearance was associated with three reactions: adsorption reaction (characterized by fast and sudden disappearance of L-DOPA within the initial 8 h period), catalytic transformation reaction (constant L-DOPA disappearance throughout the reaction period), and biotransformation caused by microbial activity (accelerated L-DOPA disappearance observed after 72 h of reaction time). The adsorption and transformation reactions consisted of physicochemical reactions mediated by the presence of soils. The amount of L-DOPA adsorbed was largest in the presence of volcanic ash soil among the three soil types. It is likely that the mechanism of L-DOPA adsorption includes a ligand exchange reaction. In the presence of soils, L-DOPA transformation was observed at equilibrium pH values higher than 4 and it increased with increasing equilibrium pH values. In the absence of soil, however, L-DOPA transformation did not occur at an equilibrium pH value lower than 6.0, indicating that L-DOPA transformation was accelerated by the presence of soil. The rate of L-DOPA transformation mediated by soils at constant equilibrium pH value was in the following order: alluvial soil > calcareous soil > volcanic ash soil. The plant-growth-inhibitory activity of L-DOPA was also reduced by the presence of soils, and the reduction in the case of L-DOPA was more obvious than in the case of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Based on the reduction effect of soils on the plant-growth-inhibitory activity of L-DOPA (without pH-adjustment), calcareous soil ranked first, followed by volcanic ash soil, then alluvial soil. This was because the calcareous soil showed the highest soil pH value (7.8), and thereby the L-DOPA transformation reaction was accelerated. In soils with high pH values, the plant-growth-inhibitory activity of L-DOPA could therefore not be detected.     

Differential allelopathic potential of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) genotypes on weeds and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop

Studies were conducted to screen eight sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) genotypes for their allelopathic potential against weeds and wheat crop, which customarily follows sunflower in Iraq. All sunflower genotypes significantly inhibited the total number and biomass of companion weeds and the magnitude of inhibition was genotype dependent. Among the eight genotypes tested, Sin-Altheeb and Coupon were the most weed-suppressing cultivars, and Euroflor and Shumoos were the least. A subsequent field experiment indicated that sunflower residues incorporated into the field soil significantly inhibited the total number and biomass of weeds growing in the wheat field. Sunflower genotypes Sin-Altheeb and Coupon appeared to inhibit total weed number and biomass more and significantly increased wheat yield compared with the least-suppressive genotypes (Euroflor and Shumoos). Chromatographic analyses by HPLC revealed the presence of 13 secondary metabolites in residues of the tested sunflower genotypes. All the isolated compounds appeared to be phenolic, with the exception of terpinol, which is a terpenoid derivative. The total concentration of Phytotoxins (phenolic compounds) was found to be higher in the most-suppressive potential genotypes compared with the least-suppressive genotypes.