Factors influencing the association between active ingredient and adjuvant in the leaf deposit of adjuvant-containing suspoemulsion formulations

BACKGROUND: For an oil adjuvant to enhance uptake of a particulate active ingredient (AI), it is hypothesised that closer association between the two should result in higher uptake. Accordingly, factors important for the spray deposit size on grapevine leaves have been investigated for a series of model suspoemulsion formulations containing colloidal crystalline AI or fluorescent pigment particles and an emulsion of an oil adjuvant with different degrees of wetting and different spray volumes. RESULTS: Low spray volumes (<100 L ha(-1)) produced small deposits with high particle-adjuvant association. Complementary uptake studies showed increased uptake with decreasing deposit size, in agreement with the above hypothesis. Higher spray volumes produced larger deposits that consisted of annuli formed by pinning of the contact line by particles. Low surfactant concentrations favoured particles in the annulus and adjuvant separated in the centre. Intermediate surfactant concentrations produced annuli containing both particles and adjuvant, while with high surfactant concentrations the deposits were large with few annuli.CONCLUSIONS: Small deposits result in high AI-adjuvant association. With larger deposits, annulus structures allow for enhanced AI-adjuvant association (5-20 times greater). The formation of annuli appears to be important in enhancing the biodelivery of particulate AIs in adjuvant-containing suspoemulsion formulations at intermediate spray volumes.     

羔羊痢疾、大肠杆菌病、羊猝狙、羊肠毒血症四联油佐剂灭活菌苗研制及预防试验的研究

用标准的魏氏梭菌C58-2 (B型 )、C59-2 (C型 )、C60 -3 (D型 )菌株和贵州省畜牧兽医科学研究所分离的病原性羔羊大肠杆菌地方菌株CH9812 (O119)、SC993 8(O2 4 )株 ,采用先进的乳化工艺按一定的比例研制成四联油佐剂灭活苗和四种油佐剂单苗。进行了羔羊痢疾、羊猝狙、羊肠毒血症、羔羊大肠杆菌病四联油佐剂灭活苗与四种油佐剂单苗进行性能试验比较研究 ,结果是 :四联与单苗之间免疫效力差异不显著 (P >0 0 5 )。免疫后 2 1天攻毒 ,试验羊能抵抗魏氏梭菌 1 0× 1 0 9CFU/ml× 2ml毒素的静脉攻击 ,也能抵抗病原性大肠杆菌 1 0× 1 0 9CFU/ml× 3ml皮下攻击 ,保护率为 1 0 0 %。四联苗和单苗大剂量免疫试验羊 ,未发现任何副作用。证明四联油佐剂苗安全可靠。四联苗免疫期实验证明 :羔羊痢疾、羊猝狙、羊肠毒血症免疫期为 1年 ;羊大肠杆菌病为 8个月。研究结果证明 :四联油剂苗安全可靠 ,其免疫效力、免疫期、免疫安全性能达到或高于同类单价苗的效力标准。用羔羊痢疾、羊猝狙、羊肠毒血症、羔羊大肠杆菌病四联苗佐剂灭活菌苗在册亨、水城、龙里、罗甸等县的 6 0 0户养羊专业户中进行了野外田间试验。共免疫接种不同年龄、不同品种、不同性别的山羊 2 86 0 0只。结果 :四联苗较分次使用单苗接种减少羊     

增效剂影响土壤吸附乙草胺的研究

利用高粱芽培法,研究了增效剂对乙草胺(Acetochlor)在土壤中吸附性影响。结果表明,乙草胺的吸附性随土壤温度和土壤含水量的升高而减弱。阴离子表面活性剂、油类、Q7三类增效剂能显著降低乙草胺的吸附量,可减少1~1.5mg·kg-1的吸附量。     

A Review and Prospect on Herbicide Adjuvants

The history, present status and future prospects of adjuvants application in herbicides were briefly reviewed. Adjuvants can be separated into two groups, activator adjuvants and utility adjuvants. The former directly enhances the efficacy of a herbicide through increasement of herbicide absorption, spreading, cuticular penetration, rainfastness and retention enhancement, and photodegradation of the herbicide can also be decreased. And the latter is utilized for improving application characteristics, behaviors and physical properties of herbicides and reducing or minimizing unwanted side effects on application.     

白术多糖的免疫佐剂作用

采取水提醇沉、Sevage法除蛋白、D101大孔树脂柱分离、透析等方法提取纯化白术多糖,用苯酚硫酸法测定其多糖含量;白术多糖经三氟乙酸高温水解,醋酸酐乙酰化后进行气相色谱分析其单糖组成。将35只ICR小鼠随机分成7组,每组5只。以卵清白蛋白（OVA）为模式抗原,分别设含150、300或600μg白术多糖或黄芪多糖组,对照组仅免疫OVA。抗原和佐剂混合均匀后,腹部皮下注射疫苗,共免疫2次,间隔2周。二次免疫后2周摘除眼球采血,间接ELISA法检测血清抗OVA抗体及亚类水平。结果显示,白术多糖得率为4.2%,多糖含量为86.2%,由鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、木糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖组成;OVA疫苗中添加白术多糖能显著提高ICR小鼠血清中抗OVA特异性抗体及抗体亚类水平,表明白术多糖皮下注射后具有免疫佐剂作用。     

二种佐剂对哈氏弧菌OMPC-溶藻弧菌LPS偶联疫苗的增效作用

制备哈氏弧菌SpGY020601外膜蛋白复合物(OMPC)和溶藻弧菌EpGS021001脂多糖(LPS)偶联疫苗,设置偶联疫苗组、偶联疫苗 ISA763佐剂组、偶联疫苗 β-葡聚糖佐剂(DEAE)组以及生理盐水对照组,并以相同程序免疫卵型鲳鲹。溶菌酶活性检测、微量凝集反应试验结果显示:各疫苗组血清中的溶菌酶含量无显著差异(P>0.05),但均远高于生理盐水对照组(P<0.05);ISA763佐剂组抗哈氏弧菌SpGY020601抗体滴度较其他组出现的早,抗溶藻弧菌EpGS021001抗体滴度较其他组持续时间长;β-葡聚糖佐剂组次之,其次是无佐剂组,对照组始终未检测到抗体。各组分为腹腔注射攻毒与浸泡攻毒,对EpGS021001的攻击,ISA763佐剂组相对保护率分别为90%和70%,高于β-葡聚糖佐剂组的85%和55%,以及无佐剂组的80%和55%;对SpGY020601的攻击,ISA763佐剂组相对保护率分别为95%和80%,高于或相当于β-葡聚糖佐剂组的95%和75%,以及无佐剂组的90%和75%。     

仔猪水肿病蜂胶佐剂多价灭活苗的研制Ⅰ.疫苗制备工艺

针对仔猪水肿病发病迅速,病死率很高且很难用抗菌药物控制的特点,旨在研制一种预防该病的新型高效疫苗。采用仔猪水肿病多发病型菌株O138,O139,O141以及湖北地方病型菌株作为制苗用菌种,优化其培养条件,采用蜂胶作为制备疫苗的佐剂,对研制的疫苗进行检验。结果表明菌种在优化培养基上生长旺盛,疫苗安检小鼠及仔猪全部健活,效力检验免疫组保护率达到100％。结果表明该疫苗制备工艺切实可行,疫苗安全性好,保护力强,值得进一步研究。     

不同喷雾助剂对稻田除草剂减量作用的研究

采用田间试验方法开展了β助剂、迈丝、益泽、激健4个喷雾助剂对氰氟草酯和灭草松的减量使用技术研究。结果表明,使用100 g/L氰氟草酯乳油防除稻田杂草稗Echinochloa crusgalli、千金子Leptochloa chinensis时,分别添加β助剂、益泽、激健3个喷雾助剂均可降低其使用量30%,添加迈丝可降低其使用量20%;使用480 g/L灭草松水剂防除多花水苋Ammannia multiflora、丁香蓼Ludwigia prostrata和异型莎草Cyperus difformis等杂草时,添加β助剂可降低其使用量30%,分别添加迈丝、益泽、激健3个喷雾助剂均可降低其使用量至少20%。两种稻田常用除草剂减量20%～30%后添加喷雾助剂施用对水稻生长和产量均无不良影响。     

GnRH类似物疫苗免疫去势效果的影响因素

利用GnRH类似物疫苗主动免疫动物机体可达到与手术去势类似的效果,同时避免了手术去势对动物机体产生的影响。抗原、佐剂、免疫次数、免疫剂量以及免疫时间都会对其免疫效果产生影响。采用GnRH类似物疫苗免疫动物通常需要有力的佐剂以及多次加强免疫来克服个体反应的差异性。     

Efficacy of a polyvalent injectable vaccine against Flavobacterium psychrophilum administered to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss L.)

Flavobacterium psychrophilum is one of the most important pathogens affecting cultured rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Recent information from UK salmonid farms showed country‐wide distribution of genetically and serologically divergent clones, which has hampered the development of a vaccine for rainbow trout fry syndrome. The current study assessed the efficacy of an injectable polyvalent vaccine containing formalin‐inactivated F. psychrophilum in rainbow trout. The vaccine was formulated with an oil adjuvant (Montanide ISA 760VG) or formalin‐killed cells alone. Duplicate groups of trout (60 ± 13 g) were given phosphate‐buffered saline or vaccine formulated with Montanide by intra‐peritoneal (i.p.) injection and challenged by intra‐muscular (i.m.) injection with a homologous and a heterologous isolate of F. psychrophilum at 525 degree days post‐vaccination (dd pv). Significant protection was achieved in vaccinated fish (p = 0.0001, RPS 76% homologous, 88% heterologous). Efficacy of the adjuvanted vaccine was also demonstrated by heterologous challenge at 1155 dd pv resulting in 100% protection, whereas survival in the un‐adjuvanted group was not significantly different from control fish. Levels of specific antibody at 1155 dd pv, as measured by ELISA, were significantly higher in the fish vaccinated with adjuvant when compared with unvaccinated fish.