桂林市土壤汞存在形态的研究

采用连续浸取-形态分析(Speciation)方法,对桂林市及市郊土壤样品中以7种形态(species)存在的汞进行了测试分析,结果表明,以残渣态或晶格态形式存在的汞含量最高,达165. 2ng·g-1,占总汞含量的41. 60%;其次为腐殖酸结合或络合态汞、难氧化降解有机质或某些硫化物结合态汞,分别为86. 2ng·g-1、52. 4ng·g-1,占21. 5%、13. 2%。其它4种形态汞含量较低,相应比例均小于10% 。研究表明,桂林土壤汞虽然多以惰性形态存在,但不容忽视它们对生物体内富集汞的长期影响。     

Environmental biogeochemistry of mercury in Antarctic ecosystems

Polar regions are recognized as important sinks for long-range transport and deposition of Hg derived from natural and anthropogenic sources at lower latitudes. In previous studies we found enhanced Hg accumulation in soils, mosses and lichens from ice-free areas of Victoria Land facing the Terra Nova Bay coastal polynya. This study extends research to the distribution of organic C, total N, S, Hg, Al and Fe in surface soils, cyanobacterial mats and short sediment cores from four lacustrine ecosystems, each with different environmental characteristics and varying distances from the polynya. Results show that planktonic and benthic mats from lakes, along with mosses in the watershed, are the main sinks for Hg in summer meltwater. The C-normalized Hg concentrations in short sediment cores were higher in samples from lakes more exposed to marine aerosols from the coastal polynya. Reactive halogens in the aerosol promote the oxidation and deposition of atmospheric Hg in coastal ecosystems. The analysis of sediment cores did not reveal increasing Hg concentrations in recent sediments, except in the Lake 14 at Edmonson Point. The latter ice-free area is unaffected by the polynya and the increase in Hg concentrations in surface sediments could be due to local changes in lake water level and S biogeochemistry. Although change in sea ice coverage may enhance the role of Antarctic coastal ecosystems as sink in the global Hg cycle, our results seem to exclude possible risks for Antarctic terrestrial and freshwater organisms.     

强烈人为作用下城镇周围汞的空间变异及其积累迁移规律

研究土壤中汞(Hg)元素积累的空间变异和迁移转化规律对土壤利用、环境评价和污染修复具有重要参考价值。本研究选择经济发展迅速的苏南某地为研究区域,对土壤、水稻和大气降尘中的Hg进行了详细分析。结果表明,该区域土壤全汞平均含量达1 345μg kg-1,有效汞(HC l-Hg)平均含量51μg kg-1,水稻Hg平均含量20μg kg-1,大气Hg沉降量为5.13 g km-230 d-1。土壤和水稻高含量Hg主要积聚于城镇周边,随着与城镇距离的增加其含量逐渐减少。大气Hg沉降量在空间上变化不大。进入土壤中的Hg主要在土壤表层0~20 cm范围内富集,但直至60 cm深处依然存在积累现象,整个剖面土壤活性态汞和半活性态汞含量占全汞的比例变化不大。研究区土壤出现了明显Hg积累,导致水稻Hg吸收明显增加,不少样点超过了国家土壤环境质量二级标准(300μg kg-1)和国家食品污染物限量标准(20μg kg-1),可能对环境和人体健康产生危害。较低的大气Hg沉降量和土壤积累的Hg已与土壤条件达到平衡的事实表明,目前Hg的积累已明显减少。今后应采取措施修复污染土壤或者通过改变作物种类来减少土壤Hg含量或抑制作物对Hg的吸收,达到环境治理的目的。     

Element concentrations in meals from krill and amphipods, — Possible alternative protein sources in complete diets for farmed fish

In the marine environment, organisms from lower trophic levels seem as a good alternative to the traditional meal and oil sources. In the present study, meals were produced from Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), Arctic krill (Thysanoessa inermis) and the Arctic amphipod Themisto libellula. Diets were then prepared for Atlantic salmon and Atlantic cod where up to 100% of the fish meal protein was replaced by protein from these organisms. Concentrations of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) were determined by ICP-MS in the various krill and amphipod meals, complete diets and muscle samples from fish fed these diets. The element concentrations were related to growth and general fish health as well as present EU legislations on feed ingredients and complete diets. The cod showed no difference in growth during the trial, while salmon fed diets where 40% of the fish meal protein was replaced with Arctic krill or amphipod meal shoved improved SGR during the first period of feeding (first 100 days). No adverse effects on growth rate or fish health were observed in any fish species or treatment. Nevertheless, high levels of Cu were found in the meal from Antarctic krill (46 mg kg^− 1 dry matter (dm)) resulting in a dietary level of Cu exceeding the upper limit for complete feedingstuff set by EU. Furthermore, the Cd level found in the meal from amphipod (12 mg kg^− 1 dm) was 6 times higher than EU's upper limit. This indicates limitations for the use of certain zooplanktons as alternative protein sources in feed for farmed fish, unless future processing methods yield lower levels of these unwanted elements.     

二道坊河河道沉积物中汞形态分布及其影响因素的分析

本文研究了辽宁省二道坊河河道沉积物中汞的存在形态特征及其影响因素，结果表明；汞各形态百分含量的顺序为：王水溶汞＞硝酸溶汞＞盐酸溶汞＞水溶性汞＞碱溶性汞，并且随深度的增加呈现出规律性变化；汞的每一形态受沉积物性质的影响程度存在较大的差异，充分揭示了汞各种形态富集的特征，为该河流的汞污染的综合防治提供了重要的科学依据。     

水浴消解和微波消解-原子荧光法测定土壤中汞和砷的研究

[目的]为比较水浴消解和微波消解-原子荧光法两种方法对测试土壤中的汞和砷的影响。[方法]采用水浴消解和微波消解对土壤样品进行预处理,采用原子荧光法测定土壤样品中汞和砷的含量,研究了2个土壤标准物质(GSBZ50012-88和GBW07453)和2个土壤样品(1#样品和2#样品)的精密度、准确度和回收率。[结果]水浴消解法和微波消解法的检出限、精密度、准确度和回收率均能满足土壤的检测要求。[结论]微波消解法使用的仪器设备较先进,耗时短,溶剂用量少,溶样效果好,且有更好的精密度、准确度和回收率。     

贵州大米总汞富集及人体健康风险评价

贵州省农业土壤中汞(Hg)的含量相较于全国表现较高.针对贵州农业土壤中汞含量较高这一特点,调查贵州当地产大米中汞富集污染状况及对人体健康的风险评价,为贵州省的食品风险监测管理提供科学依据.在贵州省9个地区的部分市场采集样品,选取的样品为采样地区所出产的当地大米,之后根据GB/T 5009.17-2003中的原子荧光光谱分析法,对大米中的汞含量进行检测.再采用美国环保署的健康风险模型评价法对样品中大米重金属汞元素的含量的健康风险进行评价.结果表明,采集的大米样品中汞含量最大值为0.024 4 mg/kg,超标率为4.85％,未检出为22个.汞健康危害的个人终身风险系数为1.97×10-3,属于一级风险,即轻度风险,不会对人群构成明显的危害.     

铅.镉.砷.汞污染的治理研究进展

重金属污染问题是工业化和城市化活动导致的最有危害性环境问题之一,环境中重金属能通过食物链污染食品、危害人体健康。治理重金属污染已成为热点研究话题。分别对重金属铅、镉、砷、汞污染的治理现状进行了综述。     

汞与丁草胺对油麦菜生长和生理特性的影响

通过盆栽土培试验,研究了汞与丁草胺单一及复合污染对油麦菜的毒性效应。结果表明,单一污染时,汞低于4mg/kg时对油麦菜株高有促进作用,丁草胺低于1mg/kg时对油麦菜叶面积和叶片叶绿素含量有促进作用;当污染物含量升高时,汞与丁草胺对油麦菜的生物量、叶面积和叶片叶绿素含量表现出抑制作用,增大了对油麦菜叶片细胞膜的破坏。汞与丁草胺复合污染时,丁草胺在复合污染效应中表现出主导作用;汞和丁草胺高含量复合处理时,其联合毒性表现为协同效应。     

锦州地区部分海产品中汞砷含量检测

采集锦州地区海鲜市场销售的8种海产品（黄花鱼、鲭鱼、鲅鱼、带鱼、海虾、扇贝、牡蛎、海蟹）,分别采用冷原子吸收法和银盐法对其体内有害物质总汞含量和砷含量进行检测。结果表明,鲅鱼和扇贝体内汞含量平均值分别为0.577和0.597mg/kg,均超出《食品中污染物限量》（GB2762-2005）对无公害海产品中汞的限量标准（≤0.5mg/kg）;8种海产品中砷含量的平均值为0.07～0.09mg/kg,符合《食品中污染物限量》（GB2762-2005）对无公害海产品中砷含量的限量标准（≤0.1mg/kg）。