小麦花药培养特性的数量遗传分析

为探讨小麦花药培养特性的遗传特点和规律,分别以高花药培养特性和低花药培养特性的小麦材料为母本和父本,采用主基因 多基因遗传模型,对两个组合不同世代小麦材料的花药出愈率、愈伤组织绿苗分化率、花药绿苗率三个花培性状进行了遗传分析.结果表明,花药出愈率在组合Ⅰ检测到一对主基因,组合Ⅱ中检测到两对主基因.愈伤组织绿苗分化率和花药绿苗率均检测到两对主基因.主基因的加性效应(d)为增效,显性效应(h)除组合Ⅱ的愈伤组织绿苗分化率外均为减效.互作效应在组合Ⅰ中,愈伤组织绿苗分化率的jab(第一对主基因的d与第二对主基因的h间的互作效应)和花药绿苗率的jba(第一对主基因的h与第二对主基因的d间的互作效应)较小.在组合Ⅱ中,花药出愈率的jba较小;愈伤组织绿苗分化率的l(显性互作效应)较大;花药绿苗率的各效应值比较平均.多基因效应中,对于组合Ⅰ的花药绿苗率和组合Ⅱ的花药出愈率,d和h均为增效,且h大于d;组合Ⅱ中愈伤组织绿苗分化率的d和h均为减效,且d大于h.不同组合F2代花药出愈率的主基因遗传率存在明显差异,组合Ⅰ为55.01%,组合Ⅱ为84.54%,其余两花培性状主基因遗传率差异较小,均在90%以上.研究认为,3个性状受主基因和多基因共同影响,且主基因起决定作用,花药出愈率可以作为衡量小麦花药培养特性的重要指标之一.     

陆地棉主要纤维品质性状的遗传力、遗传相关和选择指数的估测

1983至1985三年间,在合肥市安徽农学院试验农场,研究了陆地棉四个杂交组合的纤维长度、细度、强度和断裂长度的遗传力,遗传相关和选择指数。结果表明:长度、细度的遗传力属于中等,强度、断裂长度的遗传力偏低;强度与断裂长度表现出极显著的正相关,而与细度则成中等程度的负相关。利用选择指数进行选择,选择效率有随参加选择性状数的增加而提高的趋势。     

Measurement of genetic and environmental variation in barley (Hordeum vulgare) grain hardness

In this study, we assessed a broad range of barley breeding lines and commercial varieties by three hardness methods (two particle size methods and one crush resistance method (SKCS—Single-Kernel Characterization System), grown at multiple sites to see if there was variation in barley hardness and if that variation was genetic or environmentally controlled. We also developed near-infrared reflectance (NIR) calibrations for these three hardness methods to ascertain if NIR technology was suitable for rapid screening of breeding lines or specific populations. In addition, we used this data to identify genetic regions that may be associated with hardness. There were significant (p<0.05) genetic effects for the three hardness methods. There were also environmental effects, possibly linked to the effect of protein on hardness, i.e. increasing protein resulted in harder grain. Heritability values were calculated at >85% for all methods. The NIR calibrations, with R² values of >90%, had Standard Error of Prediction values of 0.90, 72 and 4.0, respectively, for the three hardness methods. These equations were used to predict hardness values of a mapping population which resulted in genetic markers being identified on all chromosomes but chromosomes 2H, 3H, 5H, 6H and 7H had markers with significant LOD scores. The two regions on 5H were on the distal end of both the long and short arms. The region that showed significant LOD score was on the long arm. However, the region on the short arm associated with the hardness (hordoindoline) genes did not have significant LOD scores. The results indicate that barley hardness is influenced by both genotype and environment and that the trait is heritable, which would allow breeders to develop very hard or soft varieties if required. In addition, NIR was shown to be a reliable tool for screening for hardness. While the data set used in this study has a relatively low variation in hardness, the tools developed could be applied to breeding populations that have large variation in barley grain hardness.     

花生主要农艺性状的配合力分析

随机选用3个珍珠豆型和3个普通型花生品种,采用Griffing 双列杂交方法Ⅰ,分析9个农艺性状的配合力.结果表明:(1)主茎高和侧枝长的遗传是加性效应和非加性效应并存,且以加性效应为主;总分枝数和结果枝数的遗传为加性效应和非加性效应并重;饱果数、秕果数和出仁率为加性遗传;单株果重为加性、非加性和正反交效应共同控制;籽仁重也同时受加性、非加性和正反交效应共同控制,但以加性效应为主.(2)远杂9102是一个饱果率高、出仁率高、丰产性好、遗传基础丰富、配合力高的的优良亲本;狮头企等农家品种也有其特殊的利用价值,且作母本更优.(3)以加性遗传或以加性为主遗传的主茎高、侧枝长、饱果数、秕果数和出仁率等性状可在早代开始选择,其它性状可在中高世代进行选择,并讨论了供试亲本的利用价值和后代选择的有关问题.     

不同熟期和结荚习性大豆品种的固氮活性差异及其遗传变异

不同熟期大豆品种固氮活性为中热组>中早熟组>早熟组。不同结荚习性大豆品种的固氮活性为无限结荚习性>亚有限性结荚习性。以方差分析估算的大豆固氮活性的广义遗传力平均为42.21％,其中中熟组大豆品种为52.01％,无限结荚习性大豆品种为51.10％。     

微胚乳超高油玉米子粒含油率的配合力研究

按Griffing方法4,用6个微胚乳超高油玉米自交系配制15个组合,研究微胚乳超高油玉米子粒含油率的配合力。结果表明:子粒含油率高的双亲在组配时有可能表现出超亲优势;子粒含油率的一般配合力(GCA)在各亲本间及特殊配合力(SCA)在各组合间均存在显著差异;子粒含油率的GCA效应与SCA效应之间无明显关系;以提高子粒含油率为育种目标,应选择具有较高子粒含油率和GCA效应值的自交系作亲本;子粒含油率有较高的遗传力,加性方差在遗传变异中起主要作用,子粒含油率宜在早代选择。     

不同种植方式下小麦主要性状与产量的关系

本文以近年黄淮麦区大面积推广应用和正在参加区试的 30个品种 (系 )为材料 ,在两种种植方式下 ,对 9个主要性状进行了方差分析、遗传力分析、相关分析和通径分析。结果表明 ,在方差分析中 ,除行区法中的总穗数外 ,其它性状均达极显著水平。在相关分析中 ,穗粒重与产量的相关在两种种植方式下表现一致 ,达显著水平 ;行区法中还有株高、小穗数和穗粒数与产量的相关达显著水平 ,穴区法中还有总穗数与产量的相关达极显著水平。在通径分析中 ,直接遗传通径系数 ,行区法为 :穗粒数 >穗下节间 >总穗数 >穗长 >株高 >穗粒重>千粒重 >小穗数 ;穴区法为 :穗粒数 >千粒重 >株高 >小穗数 >总穗数 >穗长 >穗下节间 >穗粒重。在遗传力分析中 ,千粒重、穗粒重、穗长、穗下节间长度、株高的遗传力较高 ,说明在早代选择有效。     

Genetic variability and interrelationship among various morphological and quality traits in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)

Evaluation of seed yield, morphological variability and nutritional quality of 27 germplasm lines of Chenopodium quinoa and 2 lines of C. berlandieri subsp. nuttalliae was carried out in subtropical North Indian conditions over a 2-year period. Seed yield ranged from 0.32 to 9.83 t/ha, higher yields being shown by four Chilean, two US, one Argentinian and one Bolivian line. Two lines of C. berlandieri subsp. nuttalliae exhibited high values for most of the morphological traits but were low yielding. Seed protein among various lines ranged from 12.55 to 21.02% with an average of 16.22 ± 0.47%. Seed carotenoid was in the range of 1.69–5.52 mg/kg, while leaf carotenoid was much higher and ranged from 230.23 to 669.57 mg/kg. Genetic gain as percent of mean was highest for dry weight/plant, followed by seed yield and inflorescence length. All morphological traits except days to flowering, days to maturity and inflorescence length exhibited significant positive association with seed yield. The association of leaf carotenoid with total chlorophyll and seed carotenoid was positive and highly significant. The path analysis revealed that 1000 seed weight had highest positive direct relationship with seed yield (1.057), followed by total chlorophyll (0.559) and branches/plant (0.520). Traits showing high negative direct effect on seed yield were leaf carotenoid (−0.749), seed size (−0.678) and days to flowering (−0.377). Total chlorophyll exerted strongest direct positive effect (0.722) on harvest index, followed by seed yield (0.505) and seed protein (0.245).     

玉米自交系农艺性状的配合力及遗传力分析

试验结果表明,BC0029,PK0083,海921,C649和太411主要性状的GCA较高,转了果聚糖合酶基因的自交系在产量性状上配合力表现较好,而转了甜菜碱醛脱氢酶基因的自交系在光合性状上配合力表现好;在参试的25个组合中,特殊配合力最高的组合是C649×PK0083。遗传力估算表明,一般配合力表现出比特殊配合力较大的遗传分量。从性状遗传力估计值看,在玉米育种上可对穗行数、穗长、叶宽、叶长进行早代选择,而对穗位高、叶面积、百粒重性状宜进行晚代选择。     

小黑麦F_1、F_2产量性状的遗传率和群体杂种优势分析

为了解小黑麦产量性状的遗传规律和群体杂种优势的表现,采用完全双列杂交试验设计,利用农艺性状的加性-显性遗传模型,分析了小黑麦15个F1、F2代组合7个主要产量性状的遗传表现。结果表明,单株产量、株高、穗下节间长、每穗粒数和千粒重的遗传率达到了显著水平,穗下节间长和株高的遗传率较高。单株产量、千粒重和株高在F1、F2代都具有很强的群体杂种优势,F2代优势比F1代降低了50%左右,F1杂种优势平均可延续1.1~2.0代,强优势组合杂种优势可延续到3代。