Genetic diversity in sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] in relationship to geographic sources as assessed with RAPD markers

Available evidence shows that sweetpotato originated from either Central or South American lowlands with subsequent dispersal to North America, Europe, Africa, Asia and the pacific islands. A total of 71 polymorphic RAPD molecular markers were used to assess the genetic relationships amongst 74 sweetpotato varieties originating from a total of 23 sweetpotato producing countries within six geographical regions, namely, South America, Central America/Caribbean, United States of America (USA), East Africa, Asia and Oceania. An Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) indicated that 93.4% of the total variance was due to the differences between genotypes within regions. The difference between regions was significant (P < 0.001) but only contributed 6.6% to the variance. Genetic distance (PhiST) calculated with AMOVA and multidimensional scaling (MDS) revealed that the South American and the Central American/Caribbean genotypes formed two separate clusters. East African varieties, which have unique characteristics from other traditional varieties, were distinct from other traditional varieties from South America and Oceania. These results support the reported hypothesis of the origin and dispersal of the sweetpotato and indicate that the primary centre of diversity probably has two distinct genepools. It is proposed that the dispersal of the sweetpotato from its origin may have mainly involved varieties from Central America/Caribbean as opposed to varieties from South America. There is an indication that new genepools may be evolving in Africa and Asia due to hybridisation and adaptation to the local environments.     

Characterization of Seashore Paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Swartz) Germplasm by Transferred SSRs from Wheat, Maize and Sorghum

One hundred and thirty SSR markers from wheat, maize and sorghum were screened for the transferability to Paspalum. The transfer rate was 67.5, 49.0 and 66.8% respectively. This would be a very efficient approach for DNA marker development for species which are not well studied molecularly. The polymorphism level for transferred SSR markers was 51.5% within species (Paspalum vaginatum) and 87.1% among Paspalum species. The high level of polymorphism is directly related to the high degree of heterozygosity maintained by its way of reproduction, i.e. self-incompatibility. Forty transferred polymorphic SSR markers were selected and used for characterization and evaluation of seventy-three Paspalum accessions. In total, 209 polymorphic bands were detected from these 40 SSR markers, with an average of five polymorphic bands per marker. The Paspalum accessions clustered into three major groups. Two very similar dendrograms can be generated from either 109 or 209 polymorphic bands. This led us to determine that 18 of the transferred SSR markers were sufficient for genetically differentiating the investigated germplasm accessions. The number of SSR markers required for germplasm characterization and evaluation is discussed. This is the first report of the transfer of SSR markers from major field crops to newly emerged environmental turfgrasses.     

Genetic Analysis of Egyptian Date (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phoenix dactylifera</Emphasis> L.) Accessions Using AFLP Markers

Forty-seven samples of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) collected from eight locations in Egypt were studied using four sets of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers with near infrared fluorescence labeled primers. These samples belonged to 21 named accessions and 9 of unknown pedigrees. A total of 350 bands were scored and 233 (66.6%) were polymorphic. Twenty-seven Egyptian accessions and ‘Medjool’and ‘Deglet Noor’accessions from California could beclassified into the major cluster. This major cluster may represent a major group of date palm germplasm in North Africa. There were four other clusters, each containing one or two accessions. The variety ‘Halawy’and one accession of unknown provenance were most likely from hybridization between two clusters. Six groups of accessions of which had the same names, revealed similar but not identical AFLP profiles suggesting these accessions might derive from seedlings rather thanthrough clonal offshoot propagation.     

扁穗牛鞭草克隆单株地上空间拓展能力与拓展效益多样性研究

以自然高与匍匐茎长度作为横向、纵向空间拓展能力参数,以匍匐茎长与自然高度之比作为植物形态指数,以拓展的空间范围为拓展能力,以单位空间分蘖数作为拓展熵,以单位空间生物量作为拓展效益,对67份处于株型相对稳定的孕穗期的扁穗牛鞭草资源克隆单株空间拓展能力与拓展效益多样性进行了分析比较。结果表明:纵向参数的变异范围(10.67~103.00cm)、变异系数(54.39%)都大于横向参数(54.67~120.67cm、16.94%);植株形态指数变异范围为1.03~8.72,变异系数高达60.18%;拓展面积变异范围为0.72~5.53m2,变异系数为49.67%;拓展能力变异范围为0.16~5.58m3,变异系数高达104.17%;拓展熵变异系数达74.29%;拓展效益变异范围为0.38~3.16kg/m3,变异系数为50.34%。单株拓展能力与纵向拓展参数、横向拓展参数及拓展面积为正相关(相关系数分别为0.8908、0.6620、0.6749);拓展熵与拓展能力为负相关(r=-0.6255);拓展效益与拓展熵为正相关(r=0.8429),而与拓展能力为负相关(r=-0.5310)。在欧式距离15处67份材料可分为4类。扁穗牛鞭草种质资源空间拓展能力与拓展效益的多样性,为优异基因型的选择利用和优质品种的选育提供了丰富的资源基础。     

Diversity in White Lupin (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lupinus albus</Emphasis> L.) Landraces from Northwest Iberianplateau

All the accessions (35) of white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) landraces collected from northwest Iberian plateau and maintained at the Spanish germplasm collection (CRF of INIA), were studied with the general objective of assessing the biodiversity of these landraces and to ascertain their value as genetic resources for the development of germplasm adapted to the areas where they were collected with long and chilly winters. The characterization study comprised 51 qualitative and 50 quantitative characters. Quantitative parameters were analyzed by Principal Components Analysis (PCA). The 2-dimensional plot (49.3% of cumulative variability) formed a main group of accessions and 4 outliers (#1, #9, #27 and #28) separated in the first PC. The characters with a higher contribution to the first PC were inflorescence length, leaf petiole length and leaf central foliole area. The presence of alkaloids, the percentage of plants killed by soil borne fungal diseases, the phenology, the yield per plant and yield components were also assessed. Twenty six accessions (the main group in the PCA plot) showed high homogeneity, with the following highlights: bitterness, indeterminate growth habit, early ripeness and spring sowing with the exception of #18, in which seeding date is unknown and it had a later phenology. By contrast accessions #9 and #27 were bitter of autumn sowing with determinate growing habit and they had the longest values of primary inflorescence length and a later phenology when they were sown in spring. Average values for yield and yield components showed a broad range of variation between accessions. The main yield component was the number of pods per plant. Accession #22 had the highest mean seed mass, although this had not significant influence in yield. Accession #17 showed the highest yield and #1 the lowest. This last also had the lowest values of inflorescence length, leaf petiole length and leaf central foliole area. No significant differences of resistance to soil-borne fungi were found between accessions. The year had a significant effect in the phenology, yield and yield components except for number of seeds per pod. The studied material might be of interest for the development of spring sowing germplasm adapted to north Iberian peninsula.     

Biomass production and related characters in the core collection of Pisum germplasm

Retention of residue on the soil surface following harvest is an effective method of reducing soil erosion from both wind and water. The pea crop produces small amounts of residue to effectively reduce soil erosion. Severe erosion occurs in pea production areas such as the Palouse Region of the US Pacific Northwest (PNW) when low residue crops such as spring pea or lentil are followed by fall-sown wheat. The current study was conducted to determine the range of total aboveground biomass (TAB), seed yield, and straw (residue) production from the plant identification (PI) accessions that comprise the core collection of Pisum germplasm. In addition, the potential for increasing seed yield and straw production simultaneously was evaluated. Three hundred and ninety PI accessions were screened in the field in 1996 and 1997. The variation for TAB, seed yield and straw production among the PI accessions exceeded that of the controls both years. Seed yield was positively correlated with straw production (r = 0.81, p< 0.01) indicating that seed and straw production can be increased simultaneously through positive selection for both traits. Significant favorable variation is present among accessions in the USDA core collection of Pisum germplasm which could be used to increase both seed yield and total biomass production of adapted breeding lines.     

魔芋属种质资源研究现状及应用前景

概括和总结了魔芋属植物资源分类及分布特点,介绍了魔芋属植物的生物学特征及生态学研究、国内外魔芋属植物栽培、利用现状,并指出了加强魔芋属种质资源保护及其品质育种的必要性和魔芋属种质资源的研究方向及发展前景。     

贵州野生枇杷资源遗传多样性的ISSR分析

本文采用ISSR标记，构建了贵州39份野生枇杷种质的DNA指纹图谱，并对其遗传多样性进行了评价。结果表明，以筛选出的15条引物进行PCR扩增，获得清晰、重复性好的谱带125条，其中多态性谱带108条，多态性比例为86.4%；应用引物815、825和841的组合，构建了39份枇杷种质的ISSR指纹图谱，可以有效区分所有供试材料；15条引物的谱带数据聚类分析表明，供试种质的遗传相似性系数为0.40~0.98，在相似性系数为0.70时，可将供试种质分成五大类。聚类结果与种质表型相关，与地理分布的相关性不明显。     

ISSR和SRAP标记技术在葫芦科植物种质资源研究中的应用

阐述了简单重复序列间扩增(ISSR)和相关序列扩增多态性(SRAP)分子标记技术的基本原理和特点,综述与探讨了分子标记技术在葫芦科植物种质资源的亲缘关系鉴定与遗传多样性分析、分子遗传图谱的构建与目的性状基因的标记定位、基因库的构建和基因克隆、辅助育种选择及品种纯度鉴定等研究领域的广泛利用与推广,以期更合理高效地保护和利用葫芦科植物种质资源。     

葫芦科经济植物的分类及种质资源

介绍了全球已经栽培利用和具有潜在经济价值的葫芦科经济植物55种,其中食用植物35种,药用植物14种,观赏植物4种,纤维植物和砧木植物各1种,并按英国植物专家杰弗里现代分类予以划分。