基于大型称重式蒸渗仪研究北疆滴灌麦田蒸散量

基于大型称重式蒸渗仪研究了北疆地区滴灌冬小麦不同时段(生育阶段、日、时)的农田水分蒸散特征,分析了气温、相对湿度、风速等因子对农田水分蒸散的影响及产量和蒸散的关系,旨在为北疆地区滴灌冬小麦的灌溉制度制定提供理论依据。3个灌水处理分别为全生育期灌溉375、600和750 mm。结果表明,在滴灌冬小麦全生育期内日蒸散量为抽穗–乳熟>拔节–抽穗>乳熟–成熟>返青–拔节>播种–越冬>越冬–返青;在一天中,滴灌冬小麦农田水分蒸散主要发生在8:00–20:00,夜间20:00–8:00蒸散量较小且比较稳定,时蒸散量随天气变化而改变。滴灌条件下,冬小麦的棵间蒸发量占农田水分蒸散的25.2%~28.3%。棵间蒸发与土壤含水率和叶面积指数具有良好的二元二次模拟关系,拟合系数为0.98。综合产量和水分利用效率,滴灌冬小麦的蒸散量为600~650 mm。本研究对合理制定滴灌冬小麦的灌溉制度具有重要的参考价值。     

唐山地区水资源的气候特征分析

地面蒸发量、气温和降水是估算水资源各分量的重要物理量。利用唐山地区7个站点1959-2006年的月平均气温及月降水资料,分析了唐山地区气温、降水的变化特征,用高桥浩一郎的陆面蒸发经验公式估算了蒸发量,并分析计算了相应的降蒸差及其演变特征。结果显示：（1）自1995年发生由冷到暖的突变以来,当地气温呈显著上升趋势,线性倾向值为0.3℃/10a。（2）降水量、蒸发量和降蒸差季节分布和逐月分布一致,1月最小,7月最大。夏季降水最为丰富,秋季次之,春季和冬季最少。（3）降水量和降蒸差的年际间变幅很大（降水距平值范围为-260.3-384.9mm）,且呈减少趋势,蒸发量变幅没有降水量变幅大（蒸发距平值范围为-127.4~147.1mm）,且年际间相对稳定。（4）未来本地区旱涝问题依然存在,水资源短缺的形势依然严峻。     

基于AMSR-E数据的土壤湿度监测研究

[目的]通过建立AMSR-E土壤湿度监测模型,实现土壤湿度的实时监测。[方法]利用1961～2006年广西蒸发量、逐日降雨量、日平均最高气温、日最小相对湿度、≤5mm降雨日数等气象观测数据,以及AMSR-E土壤湿度数据,通过逐步回归的统计方法,基于GIS技术进行土壤湿度实时监测研究,并对其监测结果进行验证。[结果]2005年9月23日广西土壤湿度值较低的区域主要分布在桂东北地区和桂中地区,包括桂林市、柳州市、来宾市等市大部分地区,以及贺州市、贵港市、南宁市、河池市、百色市等市的局部地区。[结论]基于地面气象观测数据的AMSR-E土壤湿度统计模型适用于土壤湿度的实时监测。     

棉花甜瓜间作棵间蒸发及水分利用效率研究

为了建立高效节水的间作种植模式,通过大田试验研究了不同土壤水分水平下棉花间作甜瓜的棵间蒸发特性和水分利用效率。结果表明,高土壤水分处理的日均棵间蒸发量和总棵间蒸发量都明显大于其他处理;随着土壤含水量的提高,总耗水量明显增加;作物的日均棵间蒸发量与0~30 cm的土壤含水量呈正相关关系;棉花甜瓜间作全生育期的棵间蒸发量、耗水量随土壤水分的提高而增加,但WUE随土壤含水量的增加而降低。总的来看,保持土壤含水量为田间持水量的65% (IM)可以在不影响总体产量和经济效益的情况下,减少无效蒸发,提高水分利用效率。     

近59年锦州市气候变化特征分析

利用1951～2009年锦州市常规气象资料,分析了锦州市温度、降水、日照、风速和蒸发量的变化特征。结果表明,近59年锦州市年平均气温呈显著的上升趋势,年日照时数呈下降趋势,年降水量呈下降趋势,年平均风速呈显著下降趋势,年蒸发量呈上升趋势,平均年蒸发量是年降水量的3.1倍,年日照时间与年蒸发量呈正相关关系,与年降水量呈负相关关系。     

K干旱指数在干旱监测中的应用

利用丹东地区气象观测站1954—2016年逐月降水量、蒸发量等资料,采用K干旱指数划分干旱等级、监测干旱状况,并检验在实际监测中的应用效果。结果表明,与实际的旱情比较,K干旱指数在丹东地区干旱监测中有较好的监测效果。     

蒸发法处理厌氧发酵沼液试验研究

采用蒸发法浓缩处理沼液,研究了低温蒸发、常压蒸发和减压蒸发过程对沼液浓缩的影响。结果表明:不同温度下(常温、25℃、35℃、45℃、55℃、65℃、75℃、85℃)低温蒸发对浓缩沼液的氨氮质量浓度有较大影响,氨氮在蒸发过程中几乎全部损失(98%),对浓缩液营养物质的回收不利。沼液在不同p H值(2、3、4、5、6、7)的常压蒸发研究表明,当初始p H值小于等于4时,冷凝水的氨氮质量浓度低于41.0 mg/L,水质可以满足GB 18596—2001《畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准》。减压蒸发试验结果表明,相对真空度-0.03~-0.08 MPa对沼液蒸发过程影响不大。沼液不同初始p H值的减压试验结果表明,与常压蒸发相比,减压蒸发可以降低冷凝水中的氨氮质量浓度和化学需氧量(COD),提高冷凝水水质。减压蒸发在沼液初始p H值小于等于5时,冷凝水氨氮质量浓度在61.8 mg/L以下,可满足排放标准。因此,真空蒸发对整个系统的运行最为有利。     

Mulch resistance to water vapor transport

Mulches augment soil moisture availability to plants by restraining direct evaporation of soil water. Yet, in field conditions wind decreases their resistance to water vapor transport, diminishing their efficiency as a water conservation measure. The relation between vapor transport resistance and wind speed was investigated in a wind tunnel where air flow was turbulent. The mulch material was chopped straw with bulk densities of 31 and 37 kg m⁻³, and chemically stabilized aggregates segregated in diameter classes 1-2, 2-4, 4-8, 8-11.2 mm, in layers 10-100 mm thick. The resistance decreased exponentially with increasing wind speed from the molecular diffusion value at zero wind speed, suggesting that turbulence penetrates the pores of the mulch and drives convective water vapor transport. Resistance rose exponentially with increasing layer thickness, a mirror reflection of the turbulence decay profile. Higher bulk density of the straw and finer aggregates augmented the resistance. The convective component of the vapor transport resistance was related to mulch area index, defined as the surface area of the solid elements of mulch per unit covered ground area. This procedure merged the effect of layer thickness and that of straw bulk density or aggregates size into a single function, indicating that friction forces proportional to internal area of the solid fabric restrain the penetration of momentum in the porous medium. Two-layered mulches combining straw and aggregates have a higher resistance than the sum of the resistances of the individual components as is expected from the attenuation of convection in the top layer. The functions derived in this study can serve as input for models evaluating the impact of mulches on soil water balance.     

Skin layer evaporation to account for small precipitation events—An enhancement to the FAO-56 evaporation model

The FAO-56 soil water evaporation model is a simple ‘slab’ model that has been found to produce good estimates of evaporation from bare soil over a range of conditions due to its adherence to conservation of mass and energy. The simplicity of the model makes it straightforward to apply and to parameterize. An enhancement is made to the original formulation to accommodate light wetting events that wet the soil ‘skin’ near the surface and evaporate relatively quickly, even when the underlying soil is dry. In effect, the evaporation process, when the soil skin is wetted, reverts temporarily into stage 1 evaporation. The enhancement utilizes the ‘readily evaporable water’ (REW) term of the original model so that no new parameters are required. The extended model performs similar to the original model in the absence of small precipitation events, but increases the evaporation rate when small events occur. The FAO-56 method with the skin evaporation enhancement is shown to compare well against simulations made using the HYDRUS 1D model that bases evaporation on the Richards equation. The enhanced model also closely followed evaporation recorded by weighing lysimeter for a silt loam soil at Kimberly, Idaho, with root mean square difference of 0.39 and 0.69 mm d⁻¹ for two wetting/drying sequences. Total cumulative evaporation during the longest and wettest sequence was estimated at 92% of the measured value.     

彭曼-蒙特斯公式在参考作物需水量中的应用研究

介绍了作物需水量计算的几种方法,采用彭曼—蒙特斯(Penman-Monteith)公式,计算了浑蒲灌区水稻的需水量,结果比以往直接算法更为精确,为灌区工程的规划、设计和管理提供了依据。