内蒙古河套灌区紧邻排干沟土壤盐渍化与肥力特征分析

合理改良河套灌区紧邻排干沟盐碱地,能够有效促进灌区盐碱地生态修复与农业可持续发展。结合描述性统计与主成分分析的方法,对河套灌区乌拉特灌域紧邻排干沟土壤盐碱化与肥力特征进行了分析。结果表明:(1)研究区土壤属于重度氯化物型盐化土;Mg^2+为土壤盐化程度高的关键阳离子,Mg^2+含量过高减缓了Na+的吸收速度,加剧了土壤碱化进程。(2)0~40 cm土层土壤碱化度在13.0%~28.6%之间,土壤碱化度高的原因包括两个方面:一方面是由于CaCO3不能阻止土壤吸附Na+,另一方面是因为土壤中Mg2+不能促进Na+吸附;土壤pH与碱化度、总碱度均存在正相关关系。(3)主成分分析结果表明,研究区可将土壤含盐量、Cl^-、Ca^2+、Mg^2+、pH、总碱度和碱化度作为土壤盐渍化的主要特征因子。(4)研究区土壤钾素含量偏高,其他营养元素含量偏低。紧邻排干沟的土壤属于氯化物盐化土与碱化土复合型盐碱地,导致土壤具有土粒分散、湿时泥泞、不透气、不透水、干时硬结、耕性极差的特点;同时土壤养分偏低,应大量补充除钾素以外的其他土壤营养元素。该研究对于分析河套灌区紧邻排干沟盐碱土、制定合理土地利用政策与生态改良措施和实现区域可持续发展等方面具有重要作用。     

新疆玛纳斯河流域灌溉技术对土壤盐渍化的影响

评价新疆玛纳斯河流域灌区灌溉技术对土壤盐渍化的影响程度。以石河子垦区为例,着重分析不同阶段灌溉技术对土壤盐渍化的影响;根据土壤盐渍化与灌溉技术水平的关系,用类比法对灌区盐渍化耕地的发展趋势进行初步预测。结果表明:在无排水条件下漫灌、畦灌等传统灌溉技术造成地下水位迅速上升,土层出现严重积盐。井灌井排技术有效地降低了地下水位,土壤明显脱盐,作物产量不断提高。目前大力推广的膜下滴灌由于其良好的节水和压盐效果,土壤中盐分含量逐年下降,随着滴灌年限的增加,土壤平均脱盐率逐渐提高;预计2010年大部分地区水资源达到合理利用后,灌区次生盐渍化耕地比例将下降到35%~40%,2020年区域水资源实现高效利用后,盐渍化耕地将减少到30%以内。随着灌溉技术水平的不断提高,不同类型土壤出现明显脱盐,灌区盐渍化耕地也将逐渐减少,但不会全部消失。     

提高植物抗盐能力的技术措施综述

日益严重的土壤盐渍化抑制作物生长,使栽培作物产量和品质下降。为提高盐胁迫下农作物的产量,研究提高植物抗盐性就有着极为重要的意义。综述了提高植物抗盐性的一些措施,包括培育抗盐作物和品种、利用Ca或微量元素、抗盐剂和植物激素以及增施有机肥、合理灌溉、地膜覆盖等其它措施,以期为植物抗盐栽培提供指导。     

松嫩草原盐碱土细菌多样性分析

以松嫩盐碱草原3种不同盐碱程度的盐碱土为材料,应用高通量测序技术,研究了3种不同程度盐碱土壤的细菌群落结构。结果表明:3种盐碱土的理化性质差异显著(P0.05),pH值、碱化度随着盐碱化程度增加而增大,而碱解氮、速效钾和有机质含量随着盐碱化程度增加而降低;3种盐碱土共获得2841个OTU,分属于39个细菌门,其中酸杆菌门、变形菌门等10个菌门是盐碱土中最主要的细菌门类;轻度盐碱土中酸杆菌门占主导地位,相对丰度为32.28%,中度盐碱土中变形菌门占主导地位,相对丰度为19.87%,重度盐碱土中放线菌门占主导地位,相对丰度为22.57%;RDA分析表明,酸杆菌门、硝化螺旋菌门、广古菌门、TM7等的相对丰度与碱解氮、有机质以及速效钾含量呈正相关,疣微菌门的相对丰度与有效磷含量呈正相关,放线菌门、浮霉菌门、拟杆菌门、芽单胞菌门、厚壁菌门的相对丰度与pH值、碱化度呈正相关。     

河套灌区盐渍化土壤玉米水氮耦合效应

为了探求适用于盐渍化地区的节水、施肥优化模式，采用大田试验，以玉米为研究对象，选取了轻度和中度两种盐分土壤，设置了10种不同水、氮处理，建立不同盐分土壤玉米产量与灌水量及施氮量之间的回归模型并对其进行了分析，研究不同盐分土壤水、氮用量对玉米产量的影响。结果表明：在轻度和中度盐分土壤条件下，灌水和施氮对玉米均有增产效应，水、氮交互作用为正效应，水分的作用大于施氮的作用。通过边际效应分析可知，轻度和中度盐分土壤施氮肥的增产速率没有明显差异，轻度盐分土壤灌水的增产效率明显高于中度盐分土壤。轻度和中度盐分土壤玉米最高产量分别为13 581 kg·hm^-2和11 115 kg·hm^-2，对应的水、氮配比均为灌水编码为0.77（全生育期灌水量2 250 m³·hm^-2），施氮编码为0.69（总施氮量225 kg·hm^-2）。通过模型寻优，得到轻度和中度盐分土壤种植玉米的最佳水、氮配比方案均为全生育期灌水量为1 900.95~2 389.08m³·hm^-2，总施氮量为174.04~240.7 kg·hm^-2。优化方案的水、氮用量分别比当地灌水量（2 925 m³·hm^-2）节水18.2%~35%, 施氮量（325 kg·hm^-2）节肥26.0%~46.4%。优化范围包含了轻度和中度盐分的最高产量水、氮用量，产量与当地产量基本一致，符合当地灌水施肥要求。但从维持目前玉米产量和长期盐碱地改良的角度看，建议中度盐化土壤应选取水、氮优化范围中中等偏上灌水量和中等偏下的施肥量，以便于从根本上降低土壤盐分背景值，便于长期产量的提高；轻度盐分土壤选取优化范围适中的水、氮用量。     

基于电磁感应仪数据的南疆棉田土壤电导率反演模型研究

土壤盐渍化是南疆棉田优质高产的主要障碍因素,定额灌溉可有效改良土壤盐渍化,EM38-MK2可快速、动态获取土壤盐渍化数据,适时监测土壤盐渍化,为棉田定额灌溉提供数字依据。针对电磁感应仪(EM38-MK2)的发射圈和接收圈设计了不同采样方案,在同一条田内采集了6个不同时期的土壤表观电导率数据及相应的剖面土样,分析了不同土壤采集方案及土壤含水量对表观电导率模型精度的影响,对比了以单一时期数据建模的局部模型和6个时期整体数据建模的全局模型的反演精度。结果表明,由单点采集电磁感应仪发射线圈位置土样所构建的模型精度更高,稳定性更好,能有效减少由采样带来的误差。当土壤含水量低于10%时,表观电导率与实测电导率之间的相关性较低,决定系数为0.58,反演模型只具备粗略估计实测电导率的能力;当土壤含水量高于10%时,表观电导率与实测电导率具有很好的相关性,决定系数达到0.80以上,反演模型具有较好的预测能力。EMH+EMV多测定模式下表观电导率与实测电导率之间的模型精度高于EMH或EMV单一测定模式,确立EC_(h0.375)+(EC_(h0.75)+EC_(v0.75))/2+EC_(v1.5)为建模因子,有效提高了反演模型的精度。不同深度土层的局部模型反演精度均高于全局模型精度,局部模型的RPD均大于2.0,具有较好的预测能力。     

Challenges for the sustainable use of water and land resources under a changing climate and increasing salinization in the Jizzakh irrigation zone of Uzbekistan

Jizzakh Province in Uzbekistan is one of the largest irrigated areas in Central Asia without natural drainage.In combination with aridity,climate change and extensive irrigation practices,this has led to the widespread salinization of agricultural land.The aim of this study was to identify opportunities to improve the reclamation status of the irrigated area and how best to effectively use the water resources in Jizzakh Province based on investigations conducted between 1995 and 2016.A database of field measurements of groundwater levels,mineralization and soil salinity conducted by the provincial Hydro-Geological Reclamation Expeditions was used in the study.The total groundwater mineralization was determined using a portable electric conductometer(Progress 1T)and the chloride concentration was determined using the Mohr method.The soil salinity analyses were conducted by applying two different methods:(1)the extraction and assessment of the soluble salt content,and(2)using an SM-138 conductivity sensor applied to a 1:1 mixture of soil sample and water.The analyses of the monitoring results and the salt balance in the"irrigation water–soil–drainage water"system clearly demonstrated that the condition of the irrigated land in the province was not significantly improved.Under these conditions,the stability of crop yields is achieved mainly through the use of large volumes of fertilizer.However,excess amounts of mineral fertilizers can also cause the salinization of soils.The average groundwater salinization value in most of the irrigated land(75.3%)fluctuated between 1.1 and 5.0 g/L,while the values were less than 1.0 g/L in 13.1%of the land and in the range of 5.1–10.0 g/L in 10.5%of the land.During the period of 1995–2016 the salinization level of the irrigated land in Jizzakh Province increased slightly and the area could be divided into the following classes:no salinity(17.7%of the total area),low salinity(51.3%),moderate salinity(29.0%),and high salinity(2.0%).Detailed studies of the salt balance in irrigated land,the impact of climate change,increased fertilizer use,and repeated remediation leaching on the groundwater level and mineralization should be conducted in the future,due to the possibility of accelerated salinization,fertility decline,and reduced yields of agricultural crops.     

西藏土壤盐渍化研究进展

西藏自然环境良好,具有发展绿色农业良好的基础,但土壤盐渍化限制了西藏土壤资源的开发与利用。为了解西藏土壤盐渍化研究现状,本文根据文献数据库和相关资料回顾了西藏土壤盐渍化研究工作的发展历程,分析了西藏盐渍化成因,结合我国研究热点提出了西藏土壤盐渍化研究展望。     

长三角地区设施蔬菜施肥现状及土壤性状研究

针对近年来长三角地区设施菜地规模化程度逐渐加剧,对规模化和分散型种植方式开展调研,阐明不同种植方式下的施肥现状、土壤理化性状的变化情况。本文采用调查问卷和现场取样的调查方法,在以上海市松江区和苏州市支塘镇为代表的规模化种植区以及以宜兴市周铁镇、常州市武进区为代表的分散型种植区开展有机肥和化肥的施肥情况调查,并分析土壤pH、EC以及土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾等速效养分含量。结果表明,规模化种植方式周年肥料施用总量比分散型种植低17.8%,其中有机肥比分散型种植低843.8 kg/ha,化肥比分散型种植高34.5 kg/ha；与分散型种植方式相比,规模化种植周年投入的氮肥(N)低了41.8%,而磷肥(P₂O₅)和钾肥(K₂O)分别高了6.8%和38.3%。在土壤的理化性状上,规模化种植方式下的土壤酸化、盐渍化问题较分散型种植严重,土壤pH和电导率分别为5.2和490.7 μS/cm,土壤碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾平均含量为286.3 mg/kg、322.3 mg/kg和374.2 mg/kg,比分散型种植分别高了123.9%、26.4%和68.7%。鉴于此,规模化种植区应大力推广叶面肥和有机水溶肥水肥一体化等减施增效措施,可能有利于维持规模化种植下设施土壤的可持续利用。     

Salinity an Environmental “Filter” Selecting for Plant Invasiveness? Evidence from Indigenous Lepidium alyssoides on Chihuahuan Desert Shrublands

A better understanding of site-specific factors such as soil salinity that regulate plant invasions is needed. We conducted a 3-mo greenhouse study to evaluate the salinity responses of three local maternal sources of Lepidium alyssoides, which is an indigenous species shown to aggressively colonize disturbed shrubland sites in the southwestern United States, including those affected by high salinity and sodicity. Results indicated that there were little or no population effects on plant evapotranspiration (ET), growth, and tissue Na and Cl concentrations. Significant reductions in seedling growth and ET were largely independent of various isosmotic saline irrigation solutions that included NaCl, Na₂SO₄, and CaCl₂, each at ? 0.1 MPa and ? 0.2 MPa, suggesting that ET and growth were controlled by solution osmotic potential. The combined Na and Cl concentrations in leaves were 9–10% of dry weight with no visible sign of injury. However, increasing leaf mortality and abscission as a proportion of total leaf production was observed in the high-salt treatments (? 0.2 MPa), with a combined Na and Cl concentration reaching 16% with high NaCl. Under saline conditions, considerable foliage salt loads of this species could deposit high-salt litter to potentially alter a landscape to its own favor and to the detriment of other salt-sensitive species. Results of this study add to a limited quantitative database on site-specific salinity factors governing plant invasions by showing the potential for these populations to behave invasively under saline conditions and, thus, potential for soil salinity assessment to predict incipient populations. However, due to its halophytic traits and indigenous status, L. alyssoides may alternatively provide ecosystem services to salinized shrublands of the arid and semiarid southwestern United States.