施用10％草甘膦水剂对土壤环境的影响

本文通过三地田间试验,研究了长期施用草甘膦水剂对土壤性质的影响。结果表明,湖北罗田、潜江和广水三地土壤的电导率、钠碱化度、钠吸附比、pH值和总碱度均呈现增加的现象,虽然根据国内对盐碱土的分类标准指标三地均属于非盐化和碱化土,但有盐化和碱化的趋势。     

施用7%草甘膦水剂对土壤盐化和碱化的影响

通过室内盆栽模拟实验,研究了5种浓度的7%草甘膦水剂对土壤盐化和碱化的影响。结果表明,施药后土壤盐度(用电导率表示)、钠碱化度(ESP)、钠吸附比(SAR)、总碱度及pH值都明显增大,且随施药次数的增加,上述各项盐化和碱化指标不断增大;每次施药后,土壤的各项盐化和碱化指标都随施药浓度的升高呈增大趋势。6次施用0.352 g/L的7%草甘膦水剂后,土壤的电导率由施药前的1 010增加为2 460 μS/cm,ESP由2.247％增加为7.983％,SAR由1.576增加为4.305,总碱度由1.443 mmol/L增加为4.485 mmol/L,pH值由6.92变为7.89。虽然土壤各项盐化和碱化指标的变化都还在非盐化和非碱化土范围内,但有盐化和碱化的趋势。     

吉林省大安市苏打碱土盐化与碱化的关系

选择了76份苏打碱化土壤样品,对其各盐化与碱化指标进行了测定,分析了苏打碱化土壤盐化和碱化的关系.结果表明,土壤的碱化层和高含盐层出现在土壤中同一层次,因此该土壤盐化与碱化过程有密切联系.土壤含盐量与各碱化参数(ESP、SAR、总碱度、RSC和pH)均为正相关.土壤碱化度随含盐量的升高而增大,高盐分浓度对土壤碱化度的抑制作用,至少要在其浓度达到8.0 g/kg以上时才会出现.土壤中Na 、CO32-和HCO3-离子同各碱化参数之间均是极显著相关,同时Cl-离子与除pH外的各碱化参数极显著相关,这是该类型土壤兼有盐化和碱化特征的反映.统计分析表明,各盐分离子中Na 和CO32-离子对ESP的影响作用更大.     

松嫩平原苏打盐渍土碱化特征与影响因素

松嫩平原盐渍土属内陆苏打盐渍型,盐分组成中以苏打(Na2CO3)和小苏打(NaHCO3)为主。该类型土壤兼有不同程度的盐化和碱化特征。在中重度苏打盐渍土的典型区域,选择了不同土壤剖面,测定计算了土壤pH、总碱度、碱化度(ESP)和钠吸附比(SAR)等主要碱化特征参数,并分析了这些参数在0-200cm土壤剖面上的变化特征。对苏打盐渍土碱化特征的形成因素进行了分析讨论。     

冲水灌溉对西北硫酸盐型土壤中盐分离子变化的影响研究

盐碱土壤有效的治理措施一直是盐碱土壤综合利用的瓶颈。本研究选择西北内陆硫酸盐型盐碱地为对象,研究采用冲水洗盐方式对表层土壤中盐碱离子含量消减的影响效果。结果表明:土壤中主要盐碱离子消减效果明显,关键盐碱离子Na+、SO_2-4和盐度、电导率与总溶解性固体物含量降幅明显。试验期间,表层土壤Na+、SO_2-4平均含量分别从35. 39cmol/kg、36. 94 cmol/kg降为6. 56cmol/kg、16. 25cmol/kg;土壤盐度从初期的16. 58‰降为末期的8. 14‰,降幅为51%;电导率从初期的6314μs/cm降为末期的2454μs/cm,降幅达61%。土壤p H值变幅较小,不超过1个p H值单位;相关分析表明土壤碱度不是单纯的由土壤中CO_2-3、HCO-3影响,而是受土壤中Mg2+、Na+、SO_2-4等离子组成与含量综合影响。相较于Na+的易洗脱性,土壤中SO_2-4较难洗脱,也表明盐碱土壤治理不但受土壤质地影响,同时土壤盐分离子组成对土壤碱度消减具有较大的影响。研究表明盐碱地中土壤改良,需要对土壤中关键盐碱离子进行消减、土壤盐度下降后,才能达到预期的盐碱土壤综合改良的目的。     

基于主成分分析的宁夏银北地区龟裂碱土盐分特征研究

为探明宁夏银北地区龟裂碱土的盐分状况,并构建滴灌利用龟裂碱土过程中具有代表性和限制性的盐分特征因子,利用经典统计和主成分分析方法对龟裂碱土原状土剖面和滴灌利用下的土壤盐分特征进行了研究。结果表明,龟裂碱土剖面盐分离子含量总体呈现"T"字型分布,0~40 cm土壤SAR值较大,均高于15(mmol/L)0.5,土壤pH值9.5左右;Cl-和Na+是该土壤中最主要的阴阳离子;HCO3-含量在100 cm以下的土层中逐渐增加;土壤可溶性总盐(TSS)与Cl-和Na+的相关性较大,相关系数分别为0.967和0.910(P<0.01),TSS与饱和浸提液电导率(ECe)亦存在着显著的正相关(P<0.01);主成分分析表明影响土壤利用的4个主成分依次为土壤盐化状况、土壤结构状况、土壤碱化特征以及除Na+、Mg2+和Ca2+等离子之外的其它离子含量状况,其累积方差贡献率为87.18%。由此可见,在宁夏银北地区龟裂碱土具有干旱区盐碱土壤盐分表聚特征,在利用过程中仍需要首先降低土壤盐度,通过改变离子组成减小土壤碱度,改善土壤结构。     

滴灌条件下脱硫石膏对盐碱土改良效果及安全性的影响

为实现燃煤烟气脱硫废弃物再利用,使其能运用于新疆大面积盐碱地改良,在新疆农八师134团盐碱地施用脱硫石膏,研究滴灌条件下脱硫石膏对盐碱土壤理化性质以及土壤重金属含量的影响,评估脱硫石膏改良盐碱土的可行性和安全性。结果表明:盐碱地施用脱硫石膏后土壤容重降低,>0.25mm团聚体数量增加,土壤孔隙度增加;土壤pH值、碱化度和电导率降低,尤其在0-10cm、10-20cm土层改善效果明显;土壤中Na~+、Cl~-含量降低,0-10cm土层较其他土层Na~+含量下降明显,于对照相比下降40.62%,表层土壤中Ca~(2+)、SO_4~(2-)含量增加,有利于降低土壤盐碱危害;施用脱硫石膏对土壤Hg含量没有影响,Cr元素含量下降,各项重金属元素含量均远低于国家环境二级标准,说明施用脱硫石膏不会对土壤造成重金属污染。综上所述,脱硫石膏对盐碱地有一定的改良效果且不会对土壤安全造成威胁。     

渭干河——库车河三角洲绿洲盐渍化土壤特征研究

在野外考察、GPS定点和土壤采样分析的基础上,借助Statistics、Excel等软件对盐离子含量、电导率与离子含量的关系、土壤总碱度与离子含量的关系、土壤水溶液中总溶解固体(TDS)与离子之间的关系、土壤含盐量与电导率的关系、盐离子间相关性以及土壤含盐量与农业产量的关系作了探讨.得出:该绿洲土壤pH值的平均值为7.86,属于碱性土壤.土壤含盐量较高,0～10 cm土层中的含盐量最大,平均值达到4.68%.土壤阳离子主要以Na 、K 、Ca2 和Mg2 为主,各阴离子在土体中的含量为Cl-＞SO42-＞HCO3-,而CO32-离子在实验中未检测到.Na 与Cl-呈正相关,K 与HCO3-呈正相关,Ca2 与SO42-呈正相关.从而进一步说明,该绿洲盐渍化土壤为氯化物盐化土.     

荒漠土壤碱化分级的新指标—水解性碱度

准噶尔盆地的地带性荒漠土壤中,广泛分布着碱化的亚类。主要是碱化漠钙土。它相当于美国分类中碱化粘化旱成土(Natrargias),是一种严重板结的低产土壤。研究荒漠碱化土壤碱化程度分级,对其改良利用有着重要意义。荒漠碱化土壤的主要化学特征是碱度和pH值较高。这是由于碱化土壤含有一定量的交换性钠(镁),以及有时出现Na_2CO_3或MgCO_3等碱性盐之故。因此有人用水溶性HCO_3~-+CO_3~(2-) 总量减去水溶性Ca~(2+)+M~(2+)离子总量之差值,来衡量碱度之大小。但是水溶性碱度只是碱度的一部分。通常用交换性钠(镁)饱和度作为碱度的指标,但是它的全部也不能反映碱度,乃因交换性钠并不能完全解离。为此,有必要建立一个新的化学指标,以补上述各指标的不足。     

银川平原不同类型盐渍化土壤酶活性及其与土壤养分间相关分析研究

为了研究银川平原不同类型及程度盐碱地土壤酶活性及其分布特征,文中采用高锰酸钾滴定法、硫代硫酸钠滴定法及比色测定法和相关分析法研究了银川平原不同类型及盐渍化不同程度土壤酶活性及其与土壤养分间的相关关系。结果表明:随着碱化土壤pH值和盐化土壤全盐含量的增加,土壤过氧化氢酶、转化酶、碱性磷酸酶和脲酶活性均呈现逐渐降低的趋势(p<0.01)。土壤碱性磷酸酶活性表现为碱化土壤显著高于盐化土壤,过氧化氢酶、转化酶和脲酶活性在不同类型土壤间差异不显著。0-20cm深度土壤酶活性表现出明显的季节变化,碱化土壤碱性磷酸酶活性、盐化土壤过氧化氢酶活性表现8月>6月>9月;碱化盐化土壤转化酶活性、碱化土壤脲酶活性、盐化土壤碱性磷酸酶活性季节变化表现为随着取样时间的推移而逐渐增加,即9月>8月>6月。碱化、盐化土壤过氧化氢酶、转化酶、碱性磷酸酶和脲酶活性之间及其与土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、有效磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效钾含量之间有很好的正相关关系。     

内蒙古河套灌区水资源高效利用与盐渍化调控

内蒙古河套灌区是我国具有悠久历史的一个大型灌区。由于气候、地形和水文地质条件的影响,在兴建大规模灌区之前,当地已有严重的盐渍化问题,随着引水量增加,灌溉面积扩大,由于重灌轻排,灌排工程不配套,大水漫灌等原因,使灌区的地下水位迅速上升并超过临界水位,加剧土壤盐渍化;此后虽经积极治理,情况有所好转,但仍未得到根本改变。灌区盐碱化的发生、分布、治理在西北干旱地区具有典型意义。河套灌区现状年引黄水量在50亿m3左右,占内蒙引黄水量的90%,超出引黄指标10亿m3,节水任务十分艰巨。因此,必须高效地利用灌溉水资源,采用渠井灌排技术和实施节水灌溉制度,来调控灌区水盐动态,总体上能使河套灌区灌溉土壤逐步由积盐向脱盐的良性循环发展。     

基于水盐平衡的灌区灌排系统合理性分析

灌溉是灌区农业生产持续发展的先决条件,排水则是决定灌区能否可持续发展的保证。本研究在全面考虑影响灌排系统健康发展的众多因素的基础上,以青铜峡灌区为例,从土壤盐碱化的防治及水资源合理利用角度,运用水盐平衡原理,判别灌区积、脱盐状态及排水效果,分析灌区灌排系统的合理性。分析结果表明青铜峡灌区灌排系统运行良好,对灌区排盐及盐碱化的防治起着积极的作用。同时也发现灌区存在着排灌比过大,排水能力过剩,排水系统不合理等问题。     

渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲表层土壤盐分空间异质性分析

以新疆塔里木盆地北缘典型盐渍化区-渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲为例,基于野外实测数据,借助常规统计与地统计分析方法,对绿洲表层盐渍化土壤的空间分布特征进行定量研究。分析结果显示:该绿洲土壤盐类主要以氯化物为主,同时并伴有少量的硫酸盐-氯化物类;在空间变异性上,CO23-和HCO3-为中度变异性,土壤含盐量、Cl-、Ca2+、Mg2+、SO24-以及K++Na+均具有较强的空间变异性;盐渍化土壤主要分布于渭干河、库车河的下游,塔里木河的北部,绿洲的东部、南部和东南部区域,表层土壤中Cl-和K++Na+含量较高。在绿洲西部和西北部,Cl-、Ca2+和K++Na+分布的含量则相对较低。此外,HCO3-、SO24-和Mg2+的含量在绿洲中部分布较高;而CO23-的含量在绿洲北部有较高水平的分布;从绿洲整体分布情况来看,盐渍化土壤主要呈大面积区域性分布于绿洲的外围和扇缘地带。     

新疆土壤盐碱化及其防治

新疆是一个远离海洋的内陆盆地,气候干燥炎热,平原地区普遍分布着盐碱土。其中耕地土壤盐碱化的危害,是造成新疆农业低产的主要原因之一。本文从发挥新疆资源优势条件出发,根据干旱地区灌溉农业的特点,提出了全面掌握灌区水盐运动规律,因地制宜地运用农、水、林、牧等综合措施的途径。     

Challenges for the sustainable use of water and land resources under a changing climate and increasing salinization in the Jizzakh irrigation zone of Uzbekistan

Jizzakh Province in Uzbekistan is one of the largest irrigated areas in Central Asia without natural drainage.In combination with aridity,climate change and extensive irrigation practices,this has led to the widespread salinization of agricultural land.The aim of this study was to identify opportunities to improve the reclamation status of the irrigated area and how best to effectively use the water resources in Jizzakh Province based on investigations conducted between 1995 and 2016.A database of field measurements of groundwater levels,mineralization and soil salinity conducted by the provincial Hydro-Geological Reclamation Expeditions was used in the study.The total groundwater mineralization was determined using a portable electric conductometer(Progress 1T)and the chloride concentration was determined using the Mohr method.The soil salinity analyses were conducted by applying two different methods:(1)the extraction and assessment of the soluble salt content,and(2)using an SM-138 conductivity sensor applied to a 1:1 mixture of soil sample and water.The analyses of the monitoring results and the salt balance in the"irrigation water–soil–drainage water"system clearly demonstrated that the condition of the irrigated land in the province was not significantly improved.Under these conditions,the stability of crop yields is achieved mainly through the use of large volumes of fertilizer.However,excess amounts of mineral fertilizers can also cause the salinization of soils.The average groundwater salinization value in most of the irrigated land(75.3%)fluctuated between 1.1 and 5.0 g/L,while the values were less than 1.0 g/L in 13.1%of the land and in the range of 5.1–10.0 g/L in 10.5%of the land.During the period of 1995–2016 the salinization level of the irrigated land in Jizzakh Province increased slightly and the area could be divided into the following classes:no salinity(17.7%of the total area),low salinity(51.3%),moderate salinity(29.0%),and high salinity(2.0%).Detailed studies of the salt balance in irrigated land,the impact of climate change,increased fertilizer use,and repeated remediation leaching on the groundwater level and mineralization should be conducted in the future,due to the possibility of accelerated salinization,fertility decline,and reduced yields of agricultural crops.     

Effects of combined drip irrigation and sub-surface pipe drainage on water and salt transport of saline-alkali soil in Xinjiang,China

Developing effective irrigation and drainage strategies to improve the quality of saline-alkali soil is vital for enhancing agricultural production and increasing economic returns. In this study, we explored how irrigation and drainage modes (flood irrigation, drip irrigation, and sub-surface pipe drainage under drip irrigation) improve the saline-alkali soil in Xinjiang, China. We aimed to study the transport characteristics of soil water and salt under different irrigation and drainage modes, and analyze the effects of the combination of irrigation and drainage on soil salt leaching, as well as its impacts on the growth of oil sunflower. Our results show that sub-surface pipe drainage under drip irrigation significantly reduced the soil salt content and soil water content at the 0-200 cm soil depth. Under sub-surface pipe drainage combined with drip irrigation, the mean soil salt content was reduced to below 10 g/kg after the second irrigation, and the soil salt content decreased as sub-surface pipe distance decreased. The mean soil salt content of flood irrigation exceeded 25 g/kg, and the mean soil desalination efficiency was 3.28%, which was lower than that of drip irrigation. The mean soil desalination rate under drip irrigation and sub-surface pipe drainage under drip irrigation was 19.30% and 58.12%, respectively. After sub-surface drainage regulation under drip irrigation, the germination percentage of oil sunflower seedlings was increased to more than 50%, which further confirmed that combined drip irrigation and sub-surface pipe drainage is very effective in improving the quality of saline-alkali soil and increasing the productivity of agricultural crops.     

Soil quality assessment in different dammed-valley farmlands in the hilly-gully mountain areas of the northern Loess Plateau,China

There are numerous valley farmlands on the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP), where suffers from low soil quality and high risk of soil salinization due to the shallow groundwater table and poor drainage system. Currently, research on the evolution processes and mechanisms of soil quality and salinization in these dammed-valley farmlands on the CLP is still inadequately understood. In this study, three kinds of dammed-valley farmlands in the hilly-gully areas of the northern CLP were selected, and the status of soil quality and the impact factors of soil salinization were examined. The dammed-valley farmlands include the new farmland created by the project of Gully Land Consolidation, the 60-a farmland created by sedimentation from check dam, and the 400-a farmland created by sedimentation from an ancient landslide-dammed lake. Results showed that (1) the newly created farmland had the lowest soil quality in terms of soil bulk density, porosity, soil organic carbon and total nitrogen among the three kinds of dammed-valley farmlands; (2) soil salinization occurred in the middle and upper reaches of the new and 60-a valley farmlands, whereas no soil salinization was found in the 400-a valley farmland; and (3) soil salinization and low soil nutrient were determined to be the two important factors that impacted the soil quality of the valley farmlands in the hilly-gully mountain areas of the CLP. We conclude that the dammed-valley farmlands on the CLP have a high risk of soil salinization due to the shallow groundwater table, alkalinity of the loessial soil and local landform feature, thus resulting in the low soil quality of the valley farmlands. Therefore, strengthening drainage and decreasing groundwater table are extremely important to improve the soil quality of the valley farmlands and guarantee the sustainable development of the valley agriculture on the CLP.     

干旱区平原水库坝后排水沟对下游农田土壤水盐运移的影响

干旱区平原水库的渗漏会抬高坝后农田地下水位,使土壤发生盐渍化,许多土地因此减产甚至弃耕。坝后设置排水沟是一种有效控制农田地下水位的措施。本研究采用排水沟调控坝后农田的地下水位,并利用HYDRUS模拟出在不同地下水位和深度的条件下土壤含水率与含盐量的变化情况,将实测数据与模拟数据相互对比,检验出模拟值的可靠度。研究结果表明:地下水位通过排水沟从1 m降到3 m,表层含盐量相差1.49～33.19 g·L~(-1),因此排水沟遏制地下水位越深,水盐运移越不明显,次生盐渍化越不容易发生,反之,则容易发生土壤盐渍化;地下水位相同时,土体种植植物可以降低含水率和含盐量,其中含水率最大变化为6.33%,含盐量仅相差0.08～4.56 g·L~(-1)左右,而且随着土层深度增加其影响的程度也逐渐减小。设置排水沟是解决坝后农田土壤盐渍化的较好方式。     

宁夏平原沟渠边坡植物群落多样性的影响因子分析

沟渠边坡是物种传播的廊道之一,在物种传播与演替进程中起重要的作用。采用主分量分析和PCA排序的方法,对宁夏平原沟渠边坡的优势植物群落与其环境影响因子进行了定量分析。结果表明：宁夏平原沟渠边坡植物群落的主要影响因子是土壤水分和土壤有机质,且土壤盐分与植物群落的优势度和生物多样性之间有Y2=0.516-0.005X1+0.506X2的关系,可以根据此模型对宁夏平原沟渠湿地的土壤盐分和植物种群多样性及生态优势度做出具体的数学解释。同时表明,沟渠边坡水分梯度和土壤养分是决定其植物分布的主要影响因素。沟渠作为干旱半干旱区绿洲的重要水利设施,从获取最大用水效率、减少水分损失角度,可以高效地通过植物群落控水控肥;而从沟渠强化水文生态效益的角度,则可以提高沟渠湿地的水文循环效率。