Culture of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis (Linnaeus, 1758) fed both phytoplankton and zooplankton: a microcosm experiment

With a 10‐week microcosm experiment, we demonstrated that the mussel Mytilus edulis could feed and grow upon zooplankton, phytoplankton and mixture of them. The group supplied with the mixture showed the highest shell growth rate, egestion rate and largest size of faecal pellets. Individuals feeding on seawater (the control group) had the lowest growth rate, egestion rate and smallest size of faecal pellets. Egestion rates and faecal sizes of all the groups decreased with experimental time. Therefore, the mussel M. edulis could derive energy from many kinds of diet particles. Most of these particles within the water column may play an important role in bivalve nutrition, feeding and aquaculture. A mixed diet of phytoplankton and zooplankton yielded better growth performance and metabolism than diets of each fed separately.     

Status of the endangered Glenelg River Mussel Hyridella glenelgensis (Unionoida: Hyriidae) in Australia

• 1. Hyridella glenelgensis is a small freshwater mussel that occurs in the Glenelg–Wannon river system in south‐western Victoria and is listed as ‘threatened’ under the state Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988. The species has rarely been reported since its discovery in 1898, and there are no records from the late 1920s until 1990, and again in 2000, when small numbers were found in the Crawford River, a Glenelg tributary.
• 2. This investigation established that a population still persists in the lower reaches of the Crawford. The mussels prefer sandy sediment in flowing reaches where there is instream woody debris and overhanging vegetation. In these areas, the main threats are land clearance and stock access to the channel and riparian areas.
• 3. The shell morphology of H. glenelgensis and specimens presumed to be H. narracanensis from Eight Mile Creek, south‐eastern South Australia, is distinct. Similar distinctions are apparent for shells from historical museum collections.
• 4. Mitochondrial DNA analysis of very small samples of mussels from the Crawford River and Eight Mile Creek indicates little genetic divergence, suggesting that these could be ecophenotypic variants of one species, which by priority would be H. glenelgensis. Scanning electron microscopy of glochidia indicates morphology typical of the genus.
• 5. Future investigations could include genetic analyses to confirm the taxonomic identity of the populations described here, surveys to locate new populations and measures to protect known habitats.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A critical reflection on the success of rearing and culturing juvenile freshwater mussels with a focus on the endangered freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera L.)

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Hydrological and substrate requirements of the thick‐shelled river mussel Unio crassus (Philipsson 1788)

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Role of sex steroids in gonadal differentiation of the mussel Choromytilus chorus (Bivalvia Mytilidae) (Molina 1782)

In Chile, the species Choromytilus chorus stands out for its ecological and economic importance. This mussel has a very particular condition in the colour of the gonad, being cream‐yellow colour the male gonad and dark brown the female which is hardly desired by the consumers. In this context, the aim of this research is to determine the role that sex steroids have in gonadal differentiation of the mussel C. chorus. For this, juveniles with sizes 15–22 mm were selected, which were subjected to acute exposure in the form of bath for 60 days to four treatments: T1: dihydrotestosterone (DHT); T2: 17β‐estradiol (E2), T3: fadrozole (F) and T4: DHT‐F (DF), plus a control without chemicals. Each treatment as well as control included three replicates with 90 individuals each. The mussels undergoing treatment with E2 had a sex ratio (male:female) of 0.47 compared to 1:1 in the control group. In contrast, in the groups treated with DHT, F and DF the sex ratio changed to 2.0, 1.60 and 1.70 respectively. In the fertilization trials, all the mussels produced functional gametes, as they were able to generate gametes that were developed to morula, and veliger larva. Nevertheless, it should be noted that the size of oocytes from the group exposed to estradiol (61.12 ± 2.40 μm) was significantly higher than in other groups. These results support the hypothesis that sex steroids would be involved in sexual differentiation of marine bivalves.     

Changes in proximate composition,lipid class and fatty acid profile in Greenshell™ mussels (Perna canaliculus) over an annual cycle

Greenshell? mussel (GSM, Perna canaliculus) is New Zealand's most important aquaculture species. This study looked at changes in the proximate composition, lipid class and fatty acid profile of male and female market ready mussels over a year from April 2016 through to March 2017. There were differences over the season as well as differences between male and female mussels. Winter GSM had lower lipid, carbohydrate and protein concentrations than other seasons. Female mussels had a higher lipid (on average 1.8 ± 0.5 g/100 g ww) and carbohydrate (on average 5.0 ± 1.1 g/100 g ww) compared with the males (lipid, 1.5 ± 0.4 g/100 g ww and carbohydrate 4.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g ww). The major differences observed between seasons in the omega 3 and fatty acids content of the GSM were driven by the fat content, with the highest fat content found in female mussels in the spring prior to spawning. The majority of lipids found in mussels are polar lipids. Overall, this study provides the most comprehensive data on the composition and the lipid content of GSM to date and provides solid base‐line data as the New Zealand GSM industry continues to improve their production procedures. The enhanced nutritional payload of mussels harvested outside of winter (particularly female mussels in spring) could drive a differentiated higher value mussel product.     

Increased production of green mussels (Perna viridis) using longline culture and an economic comparison with stake culture on the north coast of Java,Indonesia

The effectiveness of green mussel (Perna viridis) cultivation was compared between longline culture and the traditional bamboo stake method using different mussel densities in a rural area on the north coast of Java, Indonesia. The study took place in a rural area about 2 km north‐east from the city of Semarang where unsustainable shrimp and fish pond culture in the past has led to massive mangrove loss, spiralling environmental degradation and socio‐economic disintegration. Mangrove‐friendly alternatives for a sustainable socio‐economic recovery of local livelihoods are urgently being sought. Longlines were more successful than the stake method in spat collection. Longlines also showed a small but significantly higher relative weight gain and specific growth rate for mussels than bamboo stakes. Mussels in lower densities showed higher survival and grew to larger individual sizes, but initial seeding density had no significant effect on relative weight gain or specific growth rate per stocking. Slightly lower set‐up costs and time investment and somewhat higher yields for longlines give an almost twofold higher income per time unit of own time invested by the farmer for longline culture over the traditional stake culture method. The profitability of mussel culture using the stake method is below the average hourly wage for skilled labour, but above that when using the longline method. We conclude that green mussel culture using the longline system is feasible as an alternative to less sustainable forms of livelihood for the local communities in mangrove areas.     

3个地理种群三角帆蚌育珠相关性状比较及壳重的通径分析

对3个野生三角帆蚌种群的贝壳形态及珍珠层颜色特征进行比较分析。结果表明:洞庭湖(DT)种群贝壳为短圆型,太湖(TH)种群为长扁型,而鄱阳湖(PY)种群介于两者之间;洞庭湖种群的体重指数、壳重指数、壳宽指数及壳厚指数等育珠相关性状均显著高于其他两个种群。对壳重的通径分析表明:3个群体中,壳厚对壳重的直接影响最大,壳长次之,壳高、壳宽主要通过壳厚和壳长间接影响壳重。在珍珠层边缘区域,后端出现紫色的比例均高于前端(P=0.055)。3个种群珍珠层颜色存在显著的种群特征:鄱阳湖种群中70%个体珍珠层为紫色或淡紫色,而洞庭湖和太湖种群在边缘区前端以白色为主,后端以紫色和淡紫色为主,中央区以紫色和淡紫色为主;在太湖种群中出现特征性的淡蓝色(20%);鄱阳湖种群珍珠层中出现不规则形态的金黄色斑频率最高(100%),洞庭湖种群中出现频率为45%,而太湖种群最低(15%)。综合分析认为:洞庭湖种群育珠相关性状显著优于鄱阳湖和太湖种群,其体型有利于作育珠蚌受体选育,培养大颗粒优质珍珠;太湖种群体型为长扁型,作为小片蚌可以增加小片的数量,且培育淡蓝色珍珠具有一定潜力;鄱阳湖种群珍珠层紫色特征明显,有利于紫色小片蚌品系的人工选育。研究亮点:珍珠颜色是评价珍珠品质及价值的重要指标之一。本文对三角帆蚌3个地理种群的贝壳形态特征进行了系统的比较,并首次研究了贝壳珍珠层颜色的分布特征。不同种群三角帆蚌贝壳形态、珍珠层颜色分布存在明显种群特征,鄱阳湖种群珍珠层颜色以紫色为主,太湖种群出现特征性淡蓝色。本研究结果对开展三角帆蚌珍珠单色品系,如紫色珍珠、白色珍珠或淡蓝色珍珠品系的人工选育研究具有重要参考价值。     

Hatchery broodstock conditioning of the blue mussel <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mytilus edulis</Emphasis> (Linnaeus 1758). Part I. Impact of different micro-algae mixtures on broodstock performance

Blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) broodstock collected from the Irish Sea during wintertime (November) was conditioned with three different microalgae diets. Positive flagellates (PF) treatment consisted of Pavlova lutherii, Isochrysis galbana (T-Iso), and Chaetoceros calcitrans (1:1:1). Positive diatoms (PD) treatment consisted of Pavlova lutherii, Chaetoceros calcitrans, and Skeletonema costatum (1:1:1). Broodstock animals in the PF and PD treatments were fed a total of 2.4 × 10¹¹ algae cells per day. Animals in the negative flagellates (NF) treatment received only 1/8th of the total amount of algae of the PF diet. The conditioning diets had an impact on spawning success and broodstock fecundity but not on hatching rate, which was similar in all three groups. The best results were obtained with the PD diet where 84% of the conditioned animals spawned and females released 5.0 × 10⁶ eggs on average. Animals belonging to the PF and NF treatments released, on average, only 3.6 × 10⁶ and 1.6 × 10⁶ eggs, respectively. Although the amounts of algae provided to the broodstock animals had no effect on the hatching rate, the D-larvae resulting from the NF treatment were smaller in size than the larvae from the other treatments. Biochemical analysis of the different broodstock groups at the end of the experiment revealed higher carbohydrate levels in group NF than in PF and PD, supporting the theory that gametogenesis is mainly supported by the energy from the glycogen reserves. As far as we are aware this is the first study describing hatchery broodstock conditioning of blue mussels under fully controlled conditions.