Analysis and cytologic characterization of hemocytes from freshwater mussels (Quadrula sp.)

Background: Freshwater mussels are among the most endangered taxa in North America and minimally invasive techniques to evaluate their health are needed. Objective: The objective of this study was to develop a standardized approach for identifying and enumerating the cellular components of freshwater mussel hemolymph. Methods: Hemocyte clumping, total hemocyte count, and hemocyte morphology were compared in untreated hemolymph or hemolymph treated with formalin, sodium citrate, sodium heparin, EDTA, water, or l ‐cysteine. Morphology was then used to categorize hemocytes and perform a 100‐cell differential. Results: Treatment with formalin or >25 mg/mL l ‐cysteine reduced hemocyte clumping, although only formalin significantly increased the total hemocyte count. However, formalin also induced crenation that impaired hemocyte identification. Both EDTA and sodium citrate‐induced hemocyte degranulation while sodium citrate and >40 mg/mL l ‐cysteine‐induced cell lysis. Hemocytes could be categorized into 2 groups of granulocytes (eosinophilic or basophilic) and 2 groups of agranulocytes (large or small) for performing a cytologic differential. The differential was not significantly altered by anticoagulant treatments providing cell morphology was adequate for obtaining a differential. Eosinophilic granulocytes predominated (59%) with fewer large agranulocytes (27%) and basophilic granulocytes (13%). Small agranulocytes comprised 2% of the total population. Conclusions: No single treatment provided an optimal method to evaluate freshwater mussel hemolymph. Maximal hemocyte counts were obtained following formalin treatment. l ‐cysteine reduced clumping and maintained hemocyte morphology for performing a cytologic differential. These techniques provide a standardized approach for the hematologic evaluation of freshwater mussels.     

Cadmium,lead and metallothionein contents in cultivated mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from the Gulf of Naples (Southern Italy)

The concentration of cadmium and lead ions was determined in digestive gland and mantle of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from five aquaculture stations located in the Gulf of Naples (Southern Italy, Tyrrhenian Sea). Metallothionein (MT) levels in the same tissues were also evaluated. This gulf represents a greatly urbanized area, characterized by an important commercial port and past industrial activities, terminated in the last decade of the 20th century. The results were compared with those obtained from mussels cultivated in a more pristine neighbouring area. Data demonstrate that the amount of both metals found in mussels harvested at the highly anthropogenic sites in the Gulf of Naples was comparable with that found in mussels from the more naturalistic site. The content of both cadmium and lead was not related with that of MT. Indeed, the amount of both metals in the digestive gland was greater than in the mantle, whereas the MT preferentially accumulated in the mantle. Possibly, the MT content in mantle was associated to the physiological function of the tissue, rather than heavy metals exposure.     

水解酸化—改性贻贝壳填料曝气生物滤池处理生活污水研究

[目的]研究水解酸化—改性贻贝壳填料曝气生物滤池(BAF)处理生活污水的效果。[方法]在不同磷含量条件下,分别以未改性贻贝壳及3种不同浓度柠檬酸改性贻贝壳为填料的曝气生物滤池与水解酸化池组合对生活污水中COD、氨氮(NH3-N)和总磷(TP)进行去除,并对4种贻贝壳BAF的去除效果进行比较。[结果]当磷含量为14.03~14.73 mg/L时,1.0%柠檬酸改性贻贝壳为填料BAF对COD的去除效果最好,去除率最高可达90.11%;在2种不同磷浓度的条件下,4种贻贝壳BAF对NH3-N均有很好的去除效果;当磷含量为2.26~2.61 mg/L时,1.0%柠檬酸改性贻贝壳为填料BAF对TP的去除效果最好,去除率最高可达91.89%。磷含量的提高可以在一定程度上促进COD和NH3-N的去除,但TP的去除效率降低。[结论]4种贻贝壳填料BAF中,1.0%柠檬酸改性贻贝壳填料BAF对生活污水中COD、NH3-N和TP去除效果最好。     

丹东河蚌多肽成分的提取研究

以丹东地区河蚌(褶纹冠蚌)的蚌泪和蚌肉为原料,对多肽提取工艺进行了研究.试验结果表明,在2 450 MHz、750W微波功率下提取5 min,滤液经MW10 000 D的透析袋用去离子水透析,于80℃以下真空浓缩.浓缩液冷至4℃,加5倍体积-20℃的丙酮,静置,过滤,滤饼于80℃以下真空干燥得到多肽.其纯度可达92.1%.收率0.602%.     

Are mussel seed producers responsive to economic incentives? Empirical evidence from the Benthic Resource Management Areas in Chile

We specify a model to analyze the participation and supply decisions of coastal producers performing with mussel seed uptake. We empirically specify and estimate the model for a sample of artisanal fishermen in Southern Chile, using a panel data set between 2008 and 2013. This period presents large changes in producer engagement and supplied quantities. The results suggest that temporal changes in supply are mainly explained by price, cost, and contract variables. Moreover, socioeconomic variables help to explain the differences between different producer groups. We conclude that seed uptake is dependent on supply conditions and the development of the external market and that policies aiming to promote previous activity should consider the interdependence between the markets.     

基于分子模拟分析的紫贻贝体内重金属Cd2+脱除机制

采用海水中添加制备的蛋白水解肽-Fe~(2+)配合物(TPH-Fe~(2+))暂养处理紫贻贝,结合分子同源模建、动力学模拟及相互作用能分析技术,探索TPH-Fe~(2+)对紫贻贝体内Cd~(2+)的脱除作用机制。结果显示,添加40 mg/L TPH-Fe~(2+)净化处理15 d后,紫贻贝体内Cd~(2+)质量分数由47.099μg/g降低至24.221μg/g,脱除效率显著(P0.05)。进而以老鼠金属硫蛋白(metallothionein from rat,记为1DFT)为模板,同源模建出紫贻贝金属硫蛋白中β-结构域(metallothionein,MT)的三维结构,通过MT-Cd~(2+)、MT-Fe~(2+)、MT-Cd~(2+)+水解肽、MT-Fe~(2+)+水解肽等体系分子动力学模拟及半经验量子力学计算发现,紫贻贝体内Cd~(2+)脱除机制可能为水解肽携带Fe~(2+)到达机体靶向器官或位点遇到MT-Cd~(2+)复合物后,降低了MT与Cd~(2+)间的结合力,便于MT解脱Cd~(2+)并恢复活性,同时释放的Fe~(2+)可与Cd~(2+)竞争性结合MT,从而起到协助脱除Cd~(2+)的效果。研究表明,蛋白水解肽-Fe~(2+)配合物有效脱除贻贝体内Cd残留,可作为一种双壳贝类养殖饲料添加剂加以应用。     

贻贝养殖海域表层水温季节变化及其对紫贻贝生长的影响

为获知贻贝浮筏养殖海域表层(3 m)水温的季节变化规律及其对紫贻贝生长的影响,实测多年枸杞岛贻贝养殖场表层水温,并在一个养殖周期内分7航次采集紫贻贝样获取体质量、壳长等数据。结果显示,观测期内最高、最低表层水温分别为29.2℃和4.6℃。夏季表层水温日变幅可超过4℃,而春季与秋季低于2℃。紫贻贝体质量与月龄的多项式回归方程为:W=0.000 6M4+0.006 4M3-0.132 6M2+0.859 9M+0.6568(R2=0.999 1)。紫贻贝壳长与月龄的多项式回归方程为:L=0.000 8M4+0.057 7M3-1.099 7M2+7.536 6M+20.044(R2=0.998 9)。紫贻贝生长速率与水温呈指数关系,其表达式为Rw=0.102 8e0.119 5T(R2=0.741 3),将翌年3月前后紫贻贝的生长速率与水温之间指数关系分段计算时相关性更高,秋冬季为Rw1=0.148 8e0.068 3T(R2=0.936 0),春夏季为Rw2=0.118 8e0.128 9T(R2=0.993 2)。紫贻贝壳长生长速率与水温呈指数关系,其表达式为Rl=0.548 3e0.104 3T(R2=0.952 9)。不同年份之间,枸杞岛贻贝养殖场表层水温存在明显差异。春夏季是紫贻贝生长关键时期,春夏季持续相对低温可影响紫贻贝的产量。对养殖海域的水温进行实时观测,可获取水温变化动态,以及时调整紫贻贝的养殖策略。     

Blue mussel meal as feed attractant in rapeseed protein‐based diets for turbot (Psetta maxima L.)

Antinutritional factors in rapeseed products have been identified to reduce feed palatability and growth performance of turbot. Therefore, we evaluated the potential of blue mussel (Mytilus edulis L.) meal as feed attractant in rapeseed protein‐based diets for turbot. Triplicate fish groups received isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets with fish meal (FM) protein replacements of 50% or 75% by rapeseed protein concentrate (RPC 50, RPC 75). These diets were supplemented with 0%, 2%, 4% or 8% of blue mussel meal. In contrast with RPC 50 diets, fish fed with RPC 75/0 showed significantly reduced daily feed intake (DFI) and specific growth rate (SGR). With increasing mussel meal inclusion, RPC 75 diets resulted in increased DFI and SGR, suggesting mussel meal as attractant in rapeseed protein‐based diets for turbot. Feed conversion was unaffected by any treatment. Protein productive value and apparent digestibility coefficients were unaffected by either RPC or mussel meal inclusion. With regard to the whole body composition, no differences in crude protein, crude lipid and ash content could be determined. Haematological characteristics were unaffected among the treatments indicating good nourished and unstressed fish. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the utilization of blue mussel meal improved the palatability of rapeseed protein‐based diets for turbot.     

Effects of photoperiod and the duration of conditioning on gametogenesis and spawning of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck)

The mussel industry in Europe is facing two major problems: scarcity in wild seed supply in some regions and loss of commercial quality during the spawning season in other areas. The solution to these problems could be seed production in hatcheries. In addition, seed production in hatcheries would also allow the production of triploid individuals, with consequent benefits for the producer. This requires broodstock conditioning, to obtain mussel seed outside the natural season. In this study, the effects of photoperiod and the duration of the conditioning period were examined on the gametogenesis and spawning of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck) in a hatchery. The results obtained indicate that the conditioning of this mussel is possible in a hatchery by supplying a sufficient amount of food and increasing the water temperature. It was shown that gametogenesis of conditioned mussels was dependent on the duration of the conditioning period. Spawning, besides being dependent on the duration of the conditioning period, also appears to be dependent on photoperiod, although these results are not clear enough. This supports the hypothesis that gametogenesis and spawning are regulated by different physiological mechanisms.     

原汁整壳真空包装贻贝的加工工艺研究

为延长贻贝货架期并保持其鲜品的风味,以枸杞岛厚壳贻贝为原料,开发原汁整壳真空包装贻贝产品。在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验优化原汁整壳真空包装贻贝加工工艺,制定包装与杀菌参数,并对产品品质进行分析。结果表明,最佳脱腥调味工艺为预煮75 s,白砂糖添加量2%,食盐添加量6%,味精添加量0.5%;真空包装条件为抽真空时间9 s,热封温度160℃,热封时间3 s,袋内真空度为-0.1 MPa;杀菌参数为110℃、30 s蒸汽式杀菌。在此工艺条件下制得的产品在-18℃经6个月的保存后,与鲜贻贝比较,在感官及理化指标上无显著差异,微生物指标达到国家食品安全标准。