T-DNA插入水稻突变体库的叶绿素和净光合速率变化

从T-DNA插入的水稻（Oryza sativa L. subsp. japonica)中花11突变体库中挑选21个叶色表型发生明显变异的株系,在孕穗期测定了其倒2叶的叶绿素含量及其光合速率。结果表明突变体间叶绿素含量差别较大,有两个突变体的叶绿素b含量非常低,其他突变体叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素(a+b)含量间呈线性相关。而且,叶绿素含量与叶色有关,多数表现出色浅的叶绿素含量低,色深则叶绿素含量高;突变体的净光合速率普遍较对照低,并且叶绿素含量与净光合速率没有相关性,但叶色浓的突变体,净光合速率相对高些,叶色偏淡的材料,其净光合速率的变化极大。矮秆突变体的净光合速率比较低。最后讨论了这些突变体在生理学和功能基因组学研究中的作用。     

涝渍胁迫对辣椒植株表型的影响

采用高于穴盘的中转箱作为容器模拟涝渍胁迫环境的方法,研究涝渍胁迫对4种类型20个辣椒品种的形态特征、生物量积累等表型可塑性及壮苗指标的影响。结果表明：涝渍胁迫严重抑制了辣椒根系和植株的纵向伸长生长,但是短期涝渍胁迫会促进同化产物向根系的相对积累。本研究通过对各个单项指标与耐涝性关系进行分析,结合观察结果,认为根系耐涝系数和壮苗指标耐涝系数可作为辣椒品种耐涝性的量化评价指标,但是辣椒的耐涝性是一个复杂的综合性状,用任何一个单项指标来评价都有片面性,需要结合各个性状指标进行综合评价。     

Selecting appropriate faba bean var. minor varieties for production under Northern European environmental conditions

The aim of the experiments was to evaluate a selection of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) var. minor varieties for further production improvement on the basis of their productivity and phenotype characteristics under the short season of the Northern European environmental conditions. The varieties evaluated were: Bauska, Favel, Fuego, Gloria, Jõgeva, Lielplatones, Priekulu and Priekulu viettejas. The highest and most stable average yield for 2015–2016 years was recorded in Bauska and Priekulu, with 3.77 and 3.64?t/ha, respectively. The incidence of chocolate spot and rust was in low to middling. Plant average height for 2015–2016 years was greatest in Bauska, Lielplatones and Priekulu vietejas, with 107.4, 110.7 and 110.0?cm, respectively. Resistance to lodging was best in Bauska and Fuego. From these yield and phenotype characteristics results we conclude that Lielplatones is the most suitable faba bean var. minor varieties for breeding in Northern European conditions, because of the following characteristics: middle yielding, quite high content of protein, very small seeds, low susceptibility to chocolate spot, good resistance to lodging. Thus almost every tested variety had some very good characteristics, which may also be valuable for the breeding of new varieties.     

食用豆种质资源表型数据分析系统的设计与构建

【目的】构建食用豆种质资源表型数据分析系统,为食用豆品种改良和基础研究提供丰富的种植资源和研究信息。【方法】借助河北省农林科学院粮油作物研究所保存的食用豆种质资源表型信息,基于B/S模式开发,利用LAMP（Linux+Apache+MySQL+Perl/Python）环境,设计并构建了在线食用豆种质资源表型数据分析系统（https://breeding.biobin.com.cn/germ）,并展示了该系统的主要功能和使用方法。【结果】构建了由数据层、处理层、表现层构成,可进行表型数据导入、检索与编辑的食用豆种质资源表型数据分析系统,该系统结合相关工具可进行表型相关性、层级聚类、划分聚类、遗传多样性指标等分析,且分析结果可视化。其中,表型鉴定可进行表型相似性与性状相关性分析,分析结果以雷达图或者线性回归图形式展示;表型相似性分析可以快速比较多个材料之间的数据,综合评价多个性状,选择更符合预期的育种材料;性状相关性分析可以分析任意两个性状之间的关联性,得到性状之间的关联程度。【结论】食用豆种质资源表型数据分析系统的构建有效解决了种质资源表型数据信息保存分散、不标准、分析利用困难等问题,实现了资源数字化管理、分析和共享,可用于我国食用豆育种及相关性状分析研究。     

基于多视角图像的植物三维重建研究进展

快速重建植株三维结构并以三维可视的方式分析研究农作物的形态结构和生长过程、进行表型测量是数字植物及作物育种研究的热点和难点。概述了植物三维重建的研究现状和主流植物三维重建技术,并对各种技术的方法原理和技术优势进行了分类和对比;重点介绍了基于多视角图像三维重建方法 SFM和MVS的研究进展、技术原理以及相关软硬件系统平台;分析了近几年基于多视角图像三维重建方法在植物三维重建中的应用进展,基于多视角图像三维重建方法具有数据获取成本低、获取点云精度高、植物三维重建质量高等技术优势,同时指出了该技术方法的不足之处和未来技术发展趋势,以期为植物三维重建技术的发展、植物表型组学的研究以及低成本高通量设备的研制提供有益参考。     

Why do some fish grow faster than others?

All animals must acquire food to grow, but there is a vast diversity in how different species and even different individuals approach and achieve this task. Individuals within a species appear to fall along a bold-shy continuum, whereby some fish acquire food aggressively and with seemingly high risk, while others appear more submissive and opportunistic. Greater food consumption generally results in faster growth, but only if the energy acquired through food is more than enough to compensate for heightened metabolism associated with a more active lifestyle. Fast-growing phenotypes also tend to have elevated baseline metabolism – at least when food is plentiful – which may be linked with gut morphology and digestive efficiency. The net energy gained from a meal (as calculated from the specific dynamic action (SDA) coefficient) is optimised with larger meal sizes, but the digestion of large meals can erode the aerobic metabolic scope available for other critical activities such as predator avoidance, perhaps at an interindividual level. Thus, complex interactions between an individual's genes and environment are likely to regulate the growth phenotype. This review compiles available knowledge to shed light on the question: Why do some fish grow faster than others? We discuss the elaborate interrelationships between behaviour, physiology and the gut microbiome with a goal to better understand what drives interindividual differences in growth performance.     

Adhesion of smooth and rough phenotypes of Flavobacterium psychrophilum to polystyrene surfaces

Phenotypic smooth cells of the fish pathogenic bacterium Flavobacterium psychrophilum have previously been reported to be more adhesive to polystyrene surfaces than corresponding rough cells. In this study, the adhesion ability of smooth and rough cells of F. psychrophilum to polystyrene surfaces was investigated in detail with a crystal violet staining method. By treating both polystyrene surfaces with fish mucus and carbohydrates and the bacterial cells with carbohydrates, the involvement of lectins in the adhesion process was investigated. Smooth cells showed significantly higher adhesion ability to untreated polystyrene surfaces compared with corresponding rough cells and increasing water hardness had an inhibitory effect on the adhesion. Treatment of polystyrene surfaces with D‐glucose, D‐galactose and fish mucus increased the adhesion ability of smooth cells to polystyrene. Furthermore, treatment of the smooth cells with D‐glucose, D‐galactose and sialic acid decreased the adhesion ability of the cells, indicating that the adhesion is likely mediated by complementary lectins on the surface of the cells. Sodium (meta)periodate treatment of smooth cells also decreased the adhesion ability to polystyrene, suggesting that the lectins, such as the dominating sialic acid‐binding lectin, are probably localized in the extracellular polysaccharides surrounding the cells.     

中华稻蝗几丁质脱乙酰基酶2基因的分子特性和生物学功能

【目的】研究中华稻蝗（Oxya chinensis）几丁质脱乙酰基酶（chitin deacetylase,CDA）基因的分子特性和生物学功能,为新型农药靶标筛选提供科学依据。【方法】采用生物信息学方法在稻蝗转录组数据库中搜索获得几丁质脱乙酰基酶基因cDNA序列,对其进行保守区域分析,选取赤拟谷盗（Tribolium castaneum）、果蝇（Drosophila melanogaster）、冈比亚按蚊（Anopheles gambiae）、家蚕（Bombyx mori）和云杉卷叶蛾（Choristoneura fumiferana）等昆虫物种的同源序列与中华稻蝗几丁质脱乙酰基酶氨基酸序列进行聚类分析,进一步构建系统发育树;运用real-time PCR方法检测几丁质脱乙酰基酶基因在中华稻蝗5龄若虫不同组织部位和不同发育天数表皮中的表达特性;进一步采用RNA干扰（RNAi）技术研究该基因对中华稻蝗蜕皮发育的影响。【结果】在中华稻蝗转录组数据库中搜索获得2条几丁质脱乙酰基酶基因的cDNA全长序列,生物学软件分析其氨基酸,发现2条序列均具有信号肽,开放阅读框包含3个几丁质脱乙酰基酶保守区域：几丁质结合区（ChBD）、低密度脂蛋白受体区（LDLa）和几丁质脱乙酰基催化结合域（CDA）。聚类分析表明2条序列分别与所选用的5种昆虫CDA2聚为一支。剪切子聚类分析发现2条序列分别与5种昆虫CDA2a和CDA2b相聚为一支,综合序列分析和聚类结果,认为所获得的序列属于几丁质脱乙酰基酶2基因的2个不同剪切子,分别命名为OcCDA2a和OcCDA2b。定量PCR分析表明OcCDA2a和OcCDA2b均在中华稻蝗表皮、前肠和后肠中高表达;在5龄第1天的表皮中表达量较高,之后逐步下降,蜕皮前又略有上升;RNAi研究发现5龄第2天的若虫注射dsOcCDA2a或dsOcCDA2b 24 h后,与注射dsGFP的对照相比,目的基因表达量显著降低,沉默效率分别为96.72%和80.43%;进一步观察试虫的表型,与对照组相比,注射dsOcCDA2和dsOcCDA2a的大多数虫体出现龄期延长,脊线开裂,旧表皮不能顺利剥离而导致虫体扭曲,最终死亡。少数若虫在蜕皮前死亡,未出现异常表型,部分若虫虽蜕至成虫,但四肢无力,行动缓慢。死亡率分别达到87.5%和94.4%;注射dsOcCDA2b的试虫无可见表型,可正常蜕皮发育至成虫。【结论】中华稻蝗几丁质脱乙酰基酶2基因具有2个剪切子,分别为OcCDA2a和OcCDA2b。OcCDA2a参与虫体蜕皮,对其生长发育起着重要的作用,该基因的沉默导致中华稻蝗因蜕皮困难而死亡,而OcCDA2b对中华稻蝗的生长发育没有影响。     

青海地区畜禽源志贺菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶和头孢菌素酶表型检测及基因型分析

为了解青海省不同动物源志贺菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)和头孢菌素酶(AmpC)的基因型分布情况,对75株志贺菌进行表型筛选,PCR法确定其ESBLs和AmpC酶基因型.结果:酶表型筛选呈阳性菌株共50株,其中:1株为单产ESBLs阳性菌,42株为单产AmpC酶阳性菌,7株同时产ESBLs和AmpC酶.40株携带...