垄间套播冬小麦免耕播种机设计与试验

为满足高寒地区冬小麦生长的越冬要求,针对在低矮作物(如大豆等)未成熟时垄间套播冬小麦种植模式的农艺要求,设计了垄间套播冬小麦机械式排种免耕播种机。为了保证冬小麦开沟器不在垄台上伤害农作物,设计了双向平行四杆仿形机构,能同时完成上下、左右仿形。田间试验结果表明:平均播种深度为45.9mm,合格率为86.7%;平均施肥深度为76.45mm;冬小麦出苗速率SE为4.88(株/天)/m,在次年返青期冬小麦的返青率为85.3%,能够满足垄间(垄沟两侧)套播冬小麦的播种要求。     

2BMF-6机械式免耕精量播种机的设计

基于新疆农作物及农艺,将精量播种技术与旋耕技术结合,设计出一种适合新疆地区使用的机械式免耕精量播种机。该机采用6组安装在刀轴上的宽幅旋耕刀,以带状旋耕方式完成破茬、开沟、平地及覆土等工序,兼具防堵功能,达到少耕、免耕的目的,且行走轮的设计保证了设备的通过性能和仿形能力。试验表明:其破茬开沟能力强,防堵效果好,旋耕作业质量稳定,且能够满足本地作物的播种要求。     

2BMZJ-4玉米免耕播种机粤北适应性研究

为检验2BMZJ-4玉米免耕播种机在广东的适应性,对该机的播种均匀性、播量和地轮滑移率等指标进行了田间试验。试验结果表明:当玉米种子三轴尺寸分别为8.2、9.0、5.6 mm,机组前进速度为0.81 m/s时,穴距合格率为96.67%,播深合格率为94.88%,漏播指数3.33%,重播指数为3.33%,实际播量为36.45 kg/hm~2,地轮滑移率为13.9%。该机具需要根据土壤情况进行调整,若调整得当,就能够满足广东玉米种植区精量播种的农艺要求。     

山东省水稻免耕旱直播试验及可行性分析

为探究水稻免耕旱直播在山东省的适应性,使用2BDMM-8稻麦宽苗带灭茬播种机,在涛雒稻麦轮作两熟区和高青春季稻一熟区分别进行了免耕旱直播试验,以机械育苗插秧为对照,分析免耕旱直播对水稻株高、分蘖情况的影响,对不同种植方式下的水稻产量及产量构成因素、生产成本等进行统计分析。结果表明:水稻免耕旱直播与机械育苗插秧相比,生育期短,生长速度快,株高无显著差异;分蘖率分别为57%和58%,比插秧对照低6.5%和10.4%;产量分别为8 970和10 020 kg/hm2,与插秧对照无显著差异(P0.05),验证了水稻免耕旱直播在山东常规稻种植区基本可行。通过成本比较,免耕旱直播成本比插秧对照分别节约2 472和3 312元/hm2,说明免耕旱直播在山东地区有很好的推广前景。该研究为山东常规稻种植区免耕旱直播提供了参考。     

免耕稻油轮作模式探讨

稻油轮作是保障我国粮油安全的重要耕作制度.从农业节肥减药、生态高效、机械化轻简栽培等视角出发,提出了适合湖南地区的免耕稻油轮作模式,阐述了关键技术,分析其可行性,并对其可持续发展进行展望.     

连续秸秆还田和免耕对土壤团聚体及有机碳的影响

选取湖北省武穴市8年田间定位试验中的传统耕作(CT)、秸秆还田配合传统耕作(CTS)、免耕(NT)和秸秆还田配合免耕(NTS)4种处理,研究连续秸秆还田和免耕措施对表层(0—20cm)和亚表层(20—40cm)土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳(SOC)的影响。结果表明:CTS、NT和NTS均显著增加了表层5mm水稳性团聚体的含量和团聚体平均重量直径(MWD),秸秆还田显著增加了亚表层土壤水稳性团聚体的MWD。与CT比较,CTS、NT、NTS处理的SOC含量分别增加20.83%,21.98%,32.76%。CTS和NTS处理显著提高了表层5,5~2,0.25mm团聚体中SOC含量,NT则显著提高了5,5~2mm团聚体中SOC含量;CTS显著增加了亚表层0.25 mm团聚体中SOC的含量。秸秆还田增加了表层土壤的碳(C)、氢(H)、氮(N)和氧(O)的含量,免耕降低了H的含量,增加了其他3种元素的含量,但是免耕处理增加了亚表层土壤中H的含量。NT和NTS处理较CT和CTS处理降低了土壤的H/C值,表明土壤的脂肪族成分在不断增加。秸秆还田主要增加了土壤中醇、酚类,芳香类,脂肪族化合物和碳水化合物的含量,而免耕主要增加脂肪族化合物的含量。这些有机组分的增加有助于团聚体稳定性的增强。     

免耕播种机精量穴施肥系统设计与试验

为实现玉米精量穴施肥农业技术要求,提高穴施肥质量,设计了一种穴施肥控制系统。应用颗粒系统仿真软件EDEM对穴施肥控制装置成穴性能进行了仿真研究,表明穴施肥装置在播种速度3~7 km/h时,鸭嘴阀成穴性能较好,成穴性能随着播种机速度增加逐渐减弱。通过穴施肥控制算法,调节种子脱离排种口与肥料脱离排肥口的时间间隔t_3,控制穴施肥料与穴播种子水平距离a,实现穴施肥位置控制;调节排肥轴转速和鸭嘴阀开合频率,实现穴施肥量控制。采用正交旋转组合试验,以播种机行进速度、鸭嘴阀旋转角、穴施肥装置安装高度为试验因素,穴距精度和穴施肥量精度为试验指标,应用响应面分析法,进行三因素五水平正交试验,结果表明,在播种机行进速度为7 km/h,最佳参数组合为:旋转角33.37°,安装高度17.30 cm。田间试验结果表明,在播种机行进速度3~7 km/h,旋转角33.37°,安装高度17.30 cm时,穴距精度可达84.76%,穴施肥量精度可达87.20%,满足玉米精量穴施肥控制技术农业要求。     

基于Cortex-M3的免耕播种机监控系统设计与试验

针对目前国内免耕播种机的监测传感器抗尘效果差、监测精度低,且施口肥量不能变量调节,施用不当易引起烧种、烂种的问题,设计了一种基于Cortex-M3处理器的免耕播种机监控系统。该系统采用面源无盲区抗尘监测技术设计种子传感器,消除了监测盲区,提高了系统对多尘环境的适应性和监测准确性;采用离散增量式PID控制算法,根据预设施肥量和采集作业速度,实时调节口肥量与作业速度相匹配,实现了播种、施肥状况的监测和作业面积的统计,进一步实现了作业过程中缺种、堵种、缺肥、堵肥等故障报警,并可显示故障类型和故障行号。室内和田间试验验证结果表明:该监控系统工作稳定可靠,播种量计数和施肥量变量调节准确率较高,播种量计数偏差在4%以内,当施口肥量设定为75 kg/hm2时,不同作业速度下,实际施肥量与理论施肥量的偏差在5%以内,满足了实际生产需求,提高了播种机的工作效率和施肥精度。     

Morphology and distribution of wheat and maize roots as affected by tillage systems and soil physical parameters in temperate climates: an overview

Congregated information on maize and wheat root morphology and their distribution as influenced by tillage and soil physical conditions is meager. Root growth under no-tillage (NT) or conventional tillage (CT) is variable: Under NT, higher bulk density slows root elongation and provides shorter roots but simulate root branching; results may be opposite depending on soil texture. Under CT, soil compaction may have negative effects on root growth, with roots exhibiting plasticity. In humid climates, low soil temperatures can reduce root length density (RLD) and increase the diameter of spring cereals under NT. Tillage intensity induces a different distribution of nutrients, a trend which increases with time resulting in higher RLD in the topmost layer of NT. Compared to maize it is difficult to present an overview of the effect on tillage on the RLD of wheat due to inconclusive results. Adequate placements of banded starter fertilizer will effectively build up an early root system of maize, especially at suboptimal growth temperatures. Many studies reported a higher or similar grain yield of maize or wheat under NT compared to CT in temperate climates. However, the limited information or the conflicting results will promote the topic for inclusion in future breeding programs.     

Long-Term Cropping System, Tillage, and Poultry Litter Application Affect the Chemical Properties of an Alabama Ultisol

Sustainable agricultural practices have been steadily increasing in the last couple of decades. These management practices frequently involve cover crops, less or no-tillage, and organic fertilization. In this study, we evaluated the effects of cropping systems,tillage and no-tillage, and the application of poultry litter(PL) on selected soil physicochemical properties and soil test nutrients. Soil samples were collected from the topmost surface(0–5 cm) and subsurface(5–10 cm) layers. The general effect trend was PL application no-tillage cover crop cropping type. There were more statistically significant(P ≤ 0.05) correlations between the 18 soil attributes at the topmost surface than at the subsurface. This could be due to the accumulation of external C inputs and nutrients by crop residues and PL application as well as the retaining effects of no-tillage on less mobile nutrient components. Because of their high mobility and volatile nature, total nitrogen(N), ammonia-N(NH_4~+-N), and nitrate-N(NO_3~--N) levels varied greatly(high standard deviations), showing no consistent patterns among the treatments. Compared to the soybean cropping system, corn, especially with the wheat cover crop, contributed more to the total carbon(C) and sulfur(S) in the topmost surface soils(0–5 cm). Poultry litter application greatly increased pH, cation exchange capacity(CEC), base saturation, magnesium(Mg), phosphorus(P), calcium(Ca),sodium(Na), potassium(K), manganese(Mn), copper(Cu), and zinc(Zn) in both soil layers. Contrast comparisons revealed that PL application had more of an effect on these soil chemical properties than no-tillage and cropping systems. These results will shed light on developing better nutrient management practices while reducing their runoff potentials.