9SB-2.4型草原松土补播机的研制与试验

为了大面积改良天然退化草场，加快畜牧业持续发展，改善草原生态环境，研制了一种多功能牧草免耕补播机，该机在不破坏原生植被的情况下，可对退化草场进行免耕补种，加快退化草场恢复产草量。该文介绍了该机的工作原理、主要工作部件结构特点，并对该机的播种性能进行了台架试验和田间试验。试验结果表明：该机可一次完成切开草皮、切断草根、开沟、播种和覆土等项作业，播量为7.5～90 kg/hm²，开沟深度10～90 mm，适宜大面积天然草场机械化改良。     

稻田长期垄作免耕对土壤肥力性状的影响研究

以长期田间定位试验为基本材料,研究了长期垄作免耕对稻田土壤肥力性状的影响.结果表明稻田长期垄作免耕有利于土壤结构的形成,土壤中＜0.01mm土粒团聚度增大,＞0.01mm有机微团聚体和＞0.01mm铁、铝-有机微团聚体所占比例表现为不同程度的提高,＞0.01mm元机微团聚体和钙、镁-有机微团聚体显著下降.免耕10年后,稻田长期垄作免耕土壤表层有机质含量提高,0～10cm土层的有机质含量达47.5g/kg,比常规平作高41.1%,比水旱轮作高51.3%,比试验前增加了89.0%;随着土壤层次的下移,各处理的土壤有机质含量降低.垄作免耕与常规平作和水旱轮作相比,土壤中的氮、磷、钾含量增加,稻田垄作免耕有利于土壤的定向培肥.     

Macronutrient accumulation in wheat crop (Triticum aestivum L.) with Azospirillum brasilense associated with nitrogen doses and sources

Abstract

New studies are needed to optimize the nitrogen (N) amount that can be applied to utilize the Azospirillum brasilense benefits. In addition, information regarding the interaction between the urease inhibitor and biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and how they affect the macronutrients accumulation are also needed. We evaluate the effect of N sources and doses associated with A. brasilense regarding the macronutrients accumulation in straw and grains and wheat grain yield in tropical conditions. A randomized block experimental design was used with four replications in a 2?×?5?×?2 factorial arrangement as follows: two N sources (urea and urea with urease enzyme inhibitor NBPT; five N doses (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200?kg ha^?1) applied in topdressing; with and without A. brasilense inoculation. We found that an increase in N doses positively influenced the accumulation of macronutrients in straw and grains and the wheat grain yield. N sources have similar effects. Inoculation with A. brasilense increased accumulation of Mg and S in straw and P, Ca, and Mg in grains, regardless of the N dose. The inoculation with A. brasilense associated with 140?kg ha^?1 of N increased wheat grain yield. The inoculation can contribute in a more sustainable way to wheat nutrition and optimizing N fertilization.     

玉米宽窄行深旋免耕精量播种机田间试验及效果

为了解决目前玉米播种机械播种质量不高,良好农艺措施与农机不配套等问题,研发了一种基于宽窄行条带深旋免耕技术的玉米精量播种机。该文对该机作业后的土壤质量、土壤含水率、玉米出苗、群体光照、根系生长和产量等性状进行了分析。结果表明:采用该机播种后,土壤耕层容重显著降低(P0.05),土壤蓄水保水能力提高,玉米的播种质量明显提高,群体整齐度增加,群体透光性明显改善,具有显著的增产作用。与普通播种机械相比,该机播种后的玉米出苗率平均提高6.2个百分点,玉米株高变异系数降低8.33%,玉米根系生长量增加15.79%,玉米生育后期的群体光能截获量明显增加,产量增加11.15%。实现了优良农艺措施与农机的有效结合。     

少免耕小麦高产群体生长模式及其控制技术的研究

1983-1987年在江苏淮南地区稻板茬上进行一系列试验表明:少免耕小麦具有早发、根量较多集于表土、中后期易脱力早衰等特性。其高产群体的形成可从下列方面数量化地归纳成生长模式:小麦生理年龄与季节进程优化同步;茎蘖动态与生育进程优化同步;LAI及干物量依生育进程合理发展。模式的调控,首先应在最佳播种期内,据茬口、墒情优选少免耕播种方式与配套播种程序;其次据供肥需肥特性,因土确定基、追肥数量,按苗类决定拔节孕穗肥施用时期与数量;并还以化学措施与农艺结合的方法控制草害与小麦倒伏。     

马铃薯施用亚联微生物肥效果试验

对稻草覆盖免耕栽培马铃薯实施亚联微生物肥肥效试验,结果表明:施用亚联微生物肥的马铃薯产量虽与施用复合肥(对照)的相当,但其经济效益明显优于对照;亚联微生物肥与农家肥配合施用,马铃薯单产比对照增180kg/hm2,增收2874元/hm2。建议在马铃薯生产上大力推广使用微生物肥。     

播期和耕作方法对直播晚稻产量的影响

通过试验比较不同播期与耕作方法对晚稻产量的影响,以筛选出最佳播期和耕作方法。结果表明:7月20日播种的免耕直播晚稻产量和经济效益均较高,比同播期常耕直播稻增产稻谷125.1kg/hm2,增加产值175.5元/hm2,合计节本增收715.5元/hm2。     

吉林南部不同耕作管理下土壤水分对降雨事件的响应

土壤水分对降雨的响应特征与降水在地表和土壤中的分配密切相关。该研究为明确耕作方式对黑土土壤水分对降雨响应的作用,利用时域反射仪原位动态监测吉林南部耕作长期定位试验翻耕（CT）和免耕（NT）下玉米生育期含水率,通过7个指标量化两种耕作管理下土壤水分对降雨量大且持续时间长、降雨量小且持续时间短和降雨量较大且持续时间较短、降雨强度大的3类降雨事件的响应。结果表明：1）CT初始含水率较低,0～2.5、2.5～5和5～10 cm累积增加含水量（ASWI）显著高于NT;随土壤深度增加,CT的ASWI明显下降,而NT基本稳定。2）多数情况下,NT下相邻土层累积增加含水率之比（RSWI）大于100%,而CT低于100%。3）高降雨强度下NT相邻土层对降雨事件的响应时间（DRTlayer）平均值和异常值为负值的频率较多,说明NT下更易发生优先流。因此,极端降雨下NT土壤水分响应更剧烈,有利于降水向下层土壤渗透,减少地表径流形成。     

Impacts of the nitrogen application on productivity and nutrients concentrations of the corn-Congo grass intercropping system in the dry season

ABSTRACT

The corn-grass intercropping system began to be used in the dry season, as it provides increased straw production for the no-tillage system. However, corn and grass are plants demanding in nitrogen. The corn cultivated in the dry season is called out-of-season corn in Brazil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the productivity and nutrients concentrations of out-of-season corn and Congo-grass intercropped in the no-tillage system, as a function of the nitrogen rates applied in sidedressing. The treatments were four nitrogen rates, 0, 30, 60 and 90?kg?ha^?1. The experimental design was randomised complete blocks with four replicates. The experimental period corresponded to the harvests of 2015 and 2016. There were evaluated: corn grain yield, dry mass production and nutrient concentration in the shoots of the plants intercropped. The evaluations were carried out at the physiological maturity stage of the corn and at the time of desiccation of the grass. Nitrogen increased grain yield and dry mass production of the plants intercropped. Nitrogen maximised the magnesium concentration in out-of-season corn and the nitrogen, calcium, magnesium and sulphur concentrations in Congo grass. Excess nitrogen promoted reduction of the phosphorus in the Corn-Congo grass intercropping system in the dry season.     

小麦播种机开沟器双向平行四杆仿形机构的设计及运动仿真

寒地冬小麦一般在秋季作物的垄沟两侧进行播种,为了保证冬小麦开沟器不到垄台上伤害正在生长的农作物,该文设计了双向仿形平行四杆机构。该文对仿形机构进行受力分析,确定了影响仿形性能的各参数;根据初始工作角和最大下仿形量,设计出仿形杆的长度为386.37 mm,最大上仿形量为98.35 mm;在左右达到最大仿形量时,确定左右仿形角为15°。最后应用CATIA软件进行运动仿真分析,通过运动仿真表明,仿形机构可实现上下、左右仿形,上下仿形量可达到170 mm,左右仿形量可达到100 mm,满足理论设计的双向仿形量。该机构为研制冬小麦免耕播种机提供了依据。