头足类角质颚的色素沉积机制

角质颚是头足类重要的摄食器官,其表面具有特殊的色素沉积。为了探明角质颚色素的沉积机理,本研究分析了角质颚色素沉积程度不同的3种头足类(剑尖枪乌贼、茎柔鱼、曼氏无针乌贼),以及茎柔鱼角质颚色素沉积程度不同部位(喙部、侧壁、翼部)的主要化学成分和碳氮稳定同位素比。结果显示,茎柔鱼角质颚不同部位的蛋白质与儿茶酚含量为喙部>侧壁>翼部,而C/N比值为翼部>侧壁>喙部;3种头足类角质颚中蛋白质与儿茶酚含量为曼氏无针乌贼>茎柔鱼>剑尖枪乌贼,而C/N比值为剑尖枪乌贼>茎柔鱼>曼氏无针乌贼。茎柔鱼角质颚各部位壳聚糖含量与C/N值呈显著正相关,各部位蛋白质含量与C/N值呈显著负相关;3种头足类角质颚C/N随壳聚糖含量增大而增大,C/N随蛋白质含量增大而减小。角质颚C/N增大,则几丁质含量高,蛋白质含量低,对应色素沉积变浅;C/N减小,则几丁质含量低,蛋白质含量高,对应色素沉积变深。研究表明,蛋白质与几丁质含量的高低决定角质颚色素沉积的深浅,这一结论为研究头足类种间食性差异以及个体发育期食性转变提供了基础。     

Effects of beak trimming on the performance,beak length,behavior, and carcass traits of a local broiler breed reared in battery cages

This study investigated the effects of beak trimming on a local broiler breed. A total of 648 one‐day‐old birds were randomly allocated into three treatments: no trimming (NBT), infrared beak trimming (IRBT), and hot‐blade beak trimming (HBBT). The performance, beak length, behavior, carcass traits, organ percentages, and meat quality were inspected. The body weight (BW) from 7 to 35 days in the IRBT group was significantly lower than that in the NBT group, and the BW from 7 to 49 days was lower than that in the HBBT group (p < .05). Compared with untrimmed birds, birds in the IRBT group had lower average daily feed intake (ADFI) from 15 to 21 days, and higher heart percentage and L* value in the breast muscle. The upper beak length at 28 and 49 days of age were longest in untrimmed birds, intermediate in birds in the HBBT group, and shortest in the IRBT groups (p <.05). No evidence was found that HBBT caused changes in performance, behavior, carcass traits, organ percentages, and meat quality except for lower change in spleen percentage. Taken together, IRBT had more influence at inhibiting early BW, ADFI, and upper beak length than HBBT in the local broiler breed.     

新型鹅细小病毒感染鸭的肝、胸腺、回肠转录组差异表达分析

旨在探究新型鹅细小病毒（novel goose parvovirus,NGPV）与宿主细胞相互作用的分子致病机制。本研究采用转录组测序技术对感染NGPV SD株14 d雏鸭的肝、胸腺和回肠进行分析。结果显示：感染组回肠上调基因有78个,下调基因有31个;感染组胸腺上调基因有111个,下调基因有78个;感染组肝中上调基因有128个,下调基因有313个;NGPV感染雏鸭后,胸腺、回肠和肝中的差异表达基因参与免疫效应过程、淋巴细胞介导的免疫等多个免疫相关生物学过程,并在Toll样受体信号通路、JAK-STAT信号通路、NF-κB信号通路、PI3K-Akt信号等多条信号通路富集。综上表明：NGPV感染激活了机体免疫反应和宿主细胞的相关抗病毒信号通路。此研究为NGPV的致病机制研究提供了新的线索。     

我国大陆地区首例鹦鹉喙羽病的诊断及其致病病毒C1基因的序列分析

2008年7月末,我国青岛即墨地区患病的虎皮鹦鹉幼雏出现体重下降、脱羽和羽毛变形萎缩、鸟喙变形及胸腺结构变异等症状,怀疑为鹦鹉喙羽病(PBFD)。利用PCR对濒死鹦鹉进行鹦鹉喙羽病病毒(PBFDV)的检测,并对扩增的C1基因进行了测序与分析。结果表明,有两只检测为PBFDV阳性,B last分析发现,QD-CN08株与GenBank中已发表的PBFDV分离株C1基因同源性为82%~93%,进化树分析表明与日本的毒株有比较近的亲缘关系。结合临床症状、流行病学特征和实验室诊断,确诊为鹦鹉喙羽病,此病为中国大陆首次报道。     

γ-氨基丁酸对断喙雏鸡血清细胞因子含量及脾脏中Bcl-2和Fas基因mRNA表达量的影响

本试验旨在研究Υ-氨基丁酸(GABA)对断喙应激条件下雏鸡生长性能、血清细胞因子含量及脾脏中细胞凋亡相关基因B细胞淋巴瘤/白血病2(B-cell lympoma/leukemia-2,Bcl-2)和Fas基因mRNA表达量的影响.选取1日龄体重相近的健康固始鸡公雏360只,随机分为5个组,每组6个重复,每个重复12只鸡.其中A、B、C组均为断喙组,饮水中分别添加40、60和80mg/kg的GABA;D组不断喙,不添加GABA;E组断喙,不添加GABA.结果表明:1)断喙应激导致雏鸡采食量减少、体重下降,添加GABA可以提高采食量和体重;2)断喙应激引起了血清白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)含量的升高,第1、5天E组血清IL-1β含量显著高于D组(P＜0.05),添加80mg/kg GABA显著降低了血清IL-1β含量(P＜0.05);与D组相比,断喙后第1、7天E组血清TNF-α和IL-6含量均显著升高(P＜0.05),添加80mg/kg GABA后显著降低(P＜0.05);3)E组第1、3、7天脾脏中促凋亡基因FasmRNA表达量显著高于D组,添加GABA后下降,且随着GABA剂量加大而进一步降低(P＜0.05),添加80mg/kg GABA可轻度上调抗凋亡基因Bcl-2mRNA表达量(P＞0.05).由此可知,GABA在改善断喙应激雏鸡生长性能方面具有良好效果,同时添加GABA抑制了断喙应激后雏鸡血清细胞因子含量以及脾脏中促凋亡基因Fas的mRNA表达量的升高,且添加80mg/kg 效果较好.     

白菜型春油菜果喙生长与其生产特性研究

通过不同品种（系）的田间小区试验及剪喙处理,研究白菜型春油菜果喙生长状况、叶绿素含量及生产力。结果表明：果喙长度在开花后14d基本定型,平均果喙长度占果身长度的38．9％。叶绿素含量为叶片大于果喙,果喙大于果壳,果喙叶绿素含量平均为果壳叶绿素含量的2．7倍以上。剪喙后,角果长度、宽度、果壳干重、角粒数、千粒重和角粒重均呈下降趋势。剪喙时间愈早,对角果生长及其生产力的影响程度愈大。开花后14d剪喙处理的角粒重下降率为20％左右。     

Feather pecking in laying hens housed in free-range or furnished-cage systems on French farms

ABSTRACT

1. Beak trimming is currently used in France to avoid the negative consequences of severe feather pecking (SFP). However, this practice is controversial in terms of animal welfare, and forbidden in some European countries.

2. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of SFP in French laying hen farms, to describe how farmers manage this behavioural disorder and to better understand the risk factors involved.

3. A study was carried out from April 2015 to June 2016. Visits were paid to 79 flocks kept in furnished cages (FC) and 80 flocks in a free-range (FR) system. All the hens had trimmed beaks and were genotypically brown. The information collected included feather cover, skin damage, beak condition, farm and poultry house characteristics, livestock performance and management.

4. The prevalence of SFP in FC flocks was estimated at 32.9% (IC = 95%, [22.5; 43.3]) and the prevalence of cannibalism as 2.5% (IC = 95%, [0.7; 8.8]) at 70 weeks of age. The prevalence of SFP in FR flocks was estimated to be 23.8% (IC = 95%, [14.5; 31.1]) and the prevalence of cannibalism was 8.8% (IC = 95%, [4.3; 17.0]) at 61 weeks of age.

5. In FC flocks, SFP was associated with the combination of genotype, type and length of perches, cage area per hen, type of lighting, number of hens per cage and farm location. In FR flocks, feather cover was associated with use of the outdoor run, lighting programme, genotype, farm location and date of house construction.