几种化学药剂防治日光温室番茄褪绿病毒病研究初报

为明确化学防治对日光温室番茄褪绿病毒病的防控效果,通过田间试验和室内PCR检测,评价应用化学杀虫剂防治Q型烟粉虱对日光温室番茄褪绿病毒病的防控作用,并研究病毒抑制剂对日光温室番茄褪绿病毒病的防控效果。试验结果表明,喷施杀虫剂防控Q型烟粉虱后日光温室番茄植株带毒率可降至3.00%。病毒抑制剂20%盐酸吗啉胍可湿性粉剂、0.5%葡聚烯糖可溶粉剂、30%毒氟磷可湿性粉剂在试验条件下对番茄褪绿病毒病的防治效果为44.08%~52.63%,可在一定程度上减轻番茄褪绿病毒病的危害。     

Reuse of domestic wastewater treated in macrophyte ponds to irrigate tomato and eggplant in semi-arid West-Africa: Benefits and risks

The scarcity of freshwater resources is a critical problem in semi-arid zones and marginal quality water is increasingly being used in agriculture. This paper aimed at evaluating the physico-chemical and biological risks on irrigated soils and fruits of macrophyte treated wastewater (TWW), the nutrients supply, and the effect on tomato and eggplant production in semi-arid Burkina Faso. During three years of experiments, treated wastewater was used, with fresh water as control, in combination with or without mineral fertilizer application at recommended rate (140 kg N/ha + 180 kg P₂O₅/ha + 180 kg K₂O/ha). The study revealed that the treated wastewater provided variable nutrients supply depending on year and element. The treated wastewater without mineral fertilizer improved eggplant yield (40% in average) compared to the freshwater. Both crops responded better to mineral fertilizer (52% for tomato and 82% for eggplant) and the effects of the treated wastewater and fertilizer were additive. As the N supply of TWW was very unsteady (8-227% of crop need), and P₂O₅ supply did not satisfy in whole crop need (3-58%) during any of the three years of experiment, we recommended that moderate N and P₂O₅ fertilizers be applied when irrigating with TWW in semi-arid West-Africa. On the contrary, the K₂O supply was more steady and close to crop requirement (78-126%) over the three years of experiment and no addition of K fertilizer may be needed when irrigated with TWW. Faecal coliforms and helminth eggs were observed in treated wastewater and irrigated soils at rate over the FAO and WHO recommended limits for vegetable to be eaten uncooked. Tomato fruits were observed to be faecal coliform contaminated with the direct on-foliage irrigation with treated wastewater. Our results indicate that treated wastewater can effectively be used as both nutrients source and crop water supply in market gardening in the semi-arid Sub-Saharan West Africa (SSWA) where freshwater and farm income are limiting. Yet consumers should properly cook or disinfect treated-wastewater irrigated vegetables before eating, and market gardeners should also be careful manipulating treated wastewater to avoid direct health contamination in this environment.     

Determination of comprehensive quality index for tomato and its response to different irrigation treatments

In order to investigate better irrigation scheduling with the compromise between yield and quality of greenhouse-grown tomato under limit water supply, two experiments of different irrigation treatments were conducted in the arid region of northwest China during spring to summer in 2008 (2008 season) and winter in 2008 to summer in 2009 (2008-2009 season). After measuring single quality attributes, the analysis hierarchy process (AHP) and technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) were used to determine the weight of single quality attributes and comprehensive quality index, respectively. The results show that the rank of comprehensive quality index had good fitness to that of single quality attributes, indicating that the comprehensive quality index was reliable. Compared to full irrigation, applying 1/3 or 2/3 of full irrigation amount at the seedling stage had slight improvement of comprehensive quality and limit water saving. Applying 1/3 or 2/3 of full irrigation amount at the fruit maturation and harvesting stage decreased the yield by 23.0-40.9%, but had the best comprehensive quality. However, applying 1/3 of full irrigation amount at the flowering and fruit development stage significantly reduced crop water consumption and had obvious improvement of comprehensive quality, but did not decrease the yield significantly and water use efficiency in the 2008 season. And applying 2/3 of full irrigation amount at the flowering and fruit development stage significantly decreased crop water consumption and slightly improved the comprehensive quality, but did not decrease the yield significantly in the 2008-2009 season. Considering the water saving amount, yield and comprehensive quality, applying 1/3 or 2/3 of full irrigation amount at the flowering and fruit development stage and no water stress in other growth stages appears to be a better irrigation scheduling with the compromise between yield and quality of greenhouse-grown tomato, which can be recommended for the spring to summer and winter to summer seasons in the arid region of northwest China.     

CO 2与土壤水分交互作用的番茄光合速率预测模型

为了实现不同土壤水分管理下的CO 2气肥精细控制,建立了番茄作物不同生长阶段的光合速率预测模型。实验设置了4个CO 2浓度与3个土壤水分条件的交互处理,利用无线传感器网络长期实时监测温室内环境信息,采用LI-6400XT型光合速率仪定时采集作物净光合速率信息;并用BP神经网络分别建立了番茄苗期、花期和果期的光合速率预测模型。预测模型的验证结果表明,对于苗期预测模型,预测值与实测值之间的决定系数 R 2为0.925;花期预测模型的决定系数 R 2为0.920,果期预测模型的决定系数 R 2为0.958;番茄各生长期的光合速率预测模型均具有较高的预测精度。在不同土壤水分条件下改变CO 2浓度,得到的CO 2浓度与光合速率预测曲线与实测值相近,可反映实际土壤水分管理下的CO 2浓度最优值,对指导不同土壤水分条件下CO 2气肥的精细调控具有重要意义。     

Effect of soil matric potential on tomato yield and water use under drip irrigation condition

Field experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of soil matric potential (SMP) on tomato yield, evapotranspiration (ET), water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) under drip irrigation condition in North China Plain. The experiment included five treatments, which controlled SMP at 0.2 m depth immediately under drip emitter higher than −10 (S1), −20 (S2), −30 (S3), −40 (S4) and −50 kPa (S5), respectively, after tomato plant establishment. The results showed that different SMP affected irrigation amount and tomato ET. Irrigation amount decreased from 185 mm (S1) to 83.6 mm (S5) in 2004, and from 165 mm (S1) to 109 mm (S5) in 2005, respectively. The ET decreased from 270 mm (S1) to 202 mm (S5) in both years. However, it was found that SMP did not affect the tomato yield significantly, for the range of SMP investigated. Both WUE and IWUE increased as SMP decreased. The maximum WUE (253 and 217 kg/ha mm) and IWUE (620 and 406 kg/ha mm) were for S5 in 2 years, whereas the minimum WUE (178 and 155 kg/ha mm) and IWUE 261 and 259 kg/ha mm) were for S1 in 2004 and 2005. Based on the above results, therefore, it is recommended that if the tomatoes are well irrigated (SMP is higher than −20 kPa) during establishment, controlling SMP higher than −50 kPa at 0.2 m depth immediately under drip emitter can be used as an indicator for drip irrigation scheduling during following period of tomato growth in North China Plain.     

Effect of Light Quality on Tomato Fruit Qualities in Turning-Color Period

就不同光质对番茄果实转色期品质变化的影响，以各色荧光灯为光源，在人工控光条件下进行了探究。结果表明，在转色期间不同处理番茄果实的可溶性糖和有机酸含量均于处理后8~10d达最高，而Vc和番茄红素于处理后12d达最大。但不同光质处理间差异明显，红光处理8d后果实可溶性糖含量达到最高，处理后8~10d Vc和番茄红素含量大幅度增加，成熟期比对照(白光)提前2d；红光和蓝光处理均提高了果实的可溶性糖及有机酸含量。各处理Vc含量以蓝光处理为最高，达123.7mg/kg(Fw)，显著高于对照。番茄红素含量以红光处理最高     

中微量元素对番茄产量和品质影响的整合分析

基于已有文献数据讨论了施用中微量元素对番茄单果质量、产量和品质影响的程度,以期为科学施用中微量元素肥料提供依据。研究数据来源于中国知网、万方数据和Web of science,以不施用中微量元素为对照,选择反应比作为效应值,通过Meta分析方法综合分析施用中微量元素对番茄产量和品质的作用效果,并分亚组进行讨论分析。整合分析发现,施用中微量元素能够显著提高番茄果实单果质量和产量,提高比率分别为5.8%、10.2%;显著提高了果实中维生素C和番茄红素含量,提高比率分别为26.3%、69.4%;显著降低了果实中硝酸盐含量达6.7%。综上,施用中微量元素能够显著提高番茄果实单果质量、产量和维生素C含量、番茄红素含量等品质指标,叶面喷施效果优于土壤施用,微量元素效果优于中量元素,且中微量元素施用应以平衡施肥为前提。     

激活标签法及其在番茄功能基因组的应用

激活标签法是近年来新发展起来的一种研究基因功能有价值的补充方法。该文综述了激活标签法的研究进展及其在番茄功能基因组研究中的应用。     

番茄高色素基因hp1和hp2分子标记的筛选

高色素基因hp1和hp2能显著提高番茄果实的类胡萝卜素总量,对于以提高番茄红素含量为目标的品质育种具有重要应用价值。以这2个基因的突变位点为目标,成功地筛选出了对hp1和hp2分别具有高度特异性的2对引物。由于这样的分子标记实际上就是功能基因本身局部片断的扩增结果,所以能非常可靠地直接鉴别该功能基因,F2群体中分子标记的分离比例与2对基因的独立分配比例完全一致。以这两对引物所产生的分子标记为依据,已经合成了含有hp1和hp2的双突变体。     

不同光照条件下番茄主要性状的变化及相关分析

耐弱光性不同的番茄品种（品系）对光照条件反应不同，确定番茄耐弱光鉴定指标，可以快速有效地从大量种质资源中筛选耐弱光的番茄品种，提高品种耐弱光选择效率；试验对耐弱光性不同的4份番茄品种（品系）于定植后进行遮光处理，分别研究各品种在不同光照下的光合特性、经济性状的变化，并对11个性状进行相关及通径分析。试验结果表明，在透光率为25%（平均光照强度的光通量约为230μmol/）的光照条件下，净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、坐果率、单果重、单株产量均有不同程度的下降，且弱光下坐果率、弱光下净光合速率、弱光下胞间CO2浓度与相对单株产量直接通径系数分别为1.92、1.76、2.13，相关系数分别为0.53、-0.09、0.48。可见，弱光下的坐果率是鉴定番茄耐弱光性的可靠指标，弱光下净光合速率和胞间CO2浓度可作为耐弱光性鉴定的重要辅助指标。