大豆叶黄素的研究进展

叶黄素是对人类健康起着积极作用的功能因子,在保健食品等领域的前景十分广阔,目前已成为功能性食品成分研究中的热点。介绍了大豆叶黄素的结构与功能、检测方法、合成途径和关键基因以及遗传特性和影响因素等方面的研究进展。     

正壬酸香草酰胺的制备与杀虫活性研究

[目的]探讨辣椒碱及其类似物正壬酸香草酰胺的杀虫活性。[方法]以香草醛和正壬酸为起始原料,经胺化还原反应、N-酰化反应制备了正壬酸香草酰胺,对其化学结构进行了EI-MS和1H NMR验证,并对辣椒碱和正壬酸香草酰胺进行了生物活性测定。[结果]辣椒碱和正壬香草酰胺对小菜蛾[Plutella xyllostella(Linnaeus)]3龄幼虫和蚕豆蚜(Aphis craccivora)3日龄若蚜均无明显的杀虫活性。[结论]为进一步研究辣椒碱的生物活性提供了理论依据。     

Potential environmental consequences of administration of ectoparasiticides to sheep

Sheep ectoparasiticides, which include the synthetic pyrethroids, the organophosphates, the 'insect'-growth regulators, the formamidines and the spinocyns, enter into the environment primarily through disposal of dip or fleece scours, as well as with contaminated faeces and urine. Due to the large quantities of spent dip, risks associated with environmental contamination are high. Synthetic pyrethroids and organophosphates pose risks to dung, soil and aquatic fauna; concerns over potential ecotoxicity to vertebrates and invertebrates have resulted in the cessation of their use in many countries. There is very little information regarding the ecotoxicity of 'insect'-growth regulators, formamidines or spinocyns, with no studies focussing on sheep. Here, the impact of sheep ectoparasiticides is discussed in terms of their potential to enter into the environment, their toxicity and their impact on ecosystem functioning. Where there are no data for excretion or toxicity of the ectoparasiticides used in sheep production, examples to demonstrate potential impacts are taken from laboratory ecotoxicity tests and the cattle literature, as well on work with foliar insecticides. Future research priorities are suggested to allow assessment of the environmental consequences of sheep ectoparasiticide treatments, which are essential for future sustainable sheep production.     

柠檬酸对三种人工合成氧化铁磷吸附特性的影响

试验采用了3种人工合成的氧化铁为材料,研究了氧化铁对磷的吸附以及柠檬酸对氧化铁磷吸附特性的影响。结果表明:3种人工合成的氧化铁对磷的吸附特性及柠檬酸对氧化铁吸附磷的影响都可用Langumir方程来描述,都达到了极显著水平。从磷的最大吸附量(Sm)、吸附反应常数(K)和最大缓冲容量(MBC)来看,未加入柠檬酸时,水铁矿对磷的吸附在容量和强度方面均为最高;而在加入柠檬酸时,3种人工合成的氧化铁对磷的吸附能力的顺序并无差别,水铁矿和针铁矿的磷Sm和MBC要比赤铁矿大很多。     

基于Radarsat-2和环境星的淮河流域冬小麦估产模型比较研究

建立基于微波和光学卫星影像的农作物估产模型,可对上报作物产量准确性及估产模型精度进行相互验证.应用2014年4月中旬和5月初星载合成孔径雷达(SAR)——RADARSAT-2和同期HJ影像各两幅,选择安徽省寿县和怀远县冬小麦产区,通过试验田产量和反演的雷达影像后向散射系数,以及从环境星计算得到的归一化植被指数(NDVI),建立冬小麦线性估产模型,在此基础上对估产模型精度进行比较:通过星载SAR的同极化HH和交叉极化HV方式建立的估产模型对寿县涧沟镇冬小麦估产精度分别为68.37％和74.01％,对怀远县龙亢镇冬小麦估产精度分别为63.10％和69.10％;通过HJ星建立的估产模型对寿县涧沟镇和怀远县龙亢镇冬小麦估产精度分别为69.52％和66.43％.基于HJ星影像得到的冬小麦估产模型精度和基于SAR得到的估产模型精度接近.模型结果为上报产量准确性、冬小麦估产模型验证、参数纠正及推广奠定基础和积累经验.     

河南省地级市农业生产效率的DEA研究

基于非参数的DEA方法,选取了2008～2010年的农业生产投入和产出指标,分析了河南省18个地级市农业生产效率的变化。结果表明:河南省各地市农业生产综合效率、纯技术效率、规模效率在研究期内整体呈现上升趋势,部分地市农业生产未达到有效,主要是在农业劳动力、农作物播种面积、农业机械总动力、农用化肥量等生产要素投入存在冗余,农业生产相对较弱的地区应找出影响农业生产效率的因素,有针对性地改进农业生产效率。     

基于玉米单倍体性状表现的轮回选择试验研究

单倍体水平的选择可以提高轮回选择程序的效率。经过4个周期的单倍体轮回选择之后,一个综合群体SPC4的产量达到了当前商业杂交种的产量水平。SPC4群体与27个来自于爱荷华州立大学的综合群体相比较具有更好的群体表现。两个单交种在单倍体水平上表现出株高和穗长的超亲分离,表明利用单倍体植株来鉴定、创造和改良优良的育种材料是非常有效的方法。     

Synthetic tetramer of a Phytophthora sojae-inducible fragment from soybean GmaSKTI36 promoter improves its pathogen induction activities

Using pathogen-induced promoters to control expression of the functional genes in transgenic plants may greatly increase the chances of boosting disease resistance. However, the number of the inducible promoters is limited. Here, we found that soybean GmaSKTI36 gene is strongly induced upon Phytophthora sojae infection. Functional analysis showed that its promoter could mediate rapid and strong induction of GUS expression upon pathogen infection in both Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and soybean hairy roots. Then, a 122 bp fragment that was critical to the activity was successfully identified by a progressive 5′ deletion analysis. Importantly, we found that a synthetic promoter by tetramerizing this fragment could confer strong P. sojae induction activities. Overall, the results suggested that the GmaSKTI36 promoter, the 122 bp fragment, and the synthetic promoter are potentially useful pathogen-inducible promoters.     

水稻主栽品种病虫侵害风险及田间抗性综合评价

为探讨水稻主栽品种病虫侵害风险和综合抗性,采用田间多点自然诱发法对杭州地区11 个水稻主栽品种的主要病虫害抗性进行综合评价。结果表明,应用多目标综合评价和决策方法,对田间主要病虫的综合抗性强弱排序为：‘甬优538’>‘甬优12 号’>‘秀水134’>‘甬优15 号’>‘浙优18 号’>‘丰两优香１号’>‘甬优8 号’>‘甬优9 号’>‘中浙优1 号’>‘中浙优8 号’>‘天优华占’,表现为高抗、中抗的品种分别为4 个、5 个,中感、高感各1 个;2 个试验点在褐飞虱、白背飞虱、稻纵卷叶螟、纹枯病等当年田间发生量大的病虫抗性分析结果较一致,而零星发生的病虫上表现的抗感程度有差异。经多目标决策法分辨各目标性质并作相应变换,两地各品种的总体抗性评价排序较一致,父本亲缘关系相近的水稻品种具有相近的综合抗性。根据品种结构与抗性变化制定综合防治策略,可为不同品种布局下的病虫害监测预警和防控提供依据。     

鱼类磷脂营养生理研究进展

磷脂作为类脂的一种,对鱼类(尤其是仔、稚鱼)的生长、存活、发育及抗应激能力等具有重要作用。作者综述了磷脂的生物学特征、在鱼体内的消化、吸收及转运过程、磷脂的合成途径及其与胆固醇的交互作用等,在此基础上比较了鱼类和甲壳类对磷脂需要量的差异,为鱼类养殖过程中磷脂的应用提供了理论指导。