Seasonal and Diurnal Changes in Starch Content and Sugar Profiles of Bermudagrass in the Piedmont Region of the United States

Seasonal and diurnal patterns of sugar accumulation in bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) pastures were monitored to evaluate risk factors for pasture-associated laminitis of ponies and horses. Bermudagrass was collected from four plots in the morning and afternoon on a weekly basis, from mid-July until late August. Tissue was air-dried to simulate hay, or frozen to retain the sugar profiles of fresh pasture. Samples were analyzed colorimetrically for total water-soluble and ethanol-soluble carbohydrates, and electrochemically for starch. In addition, sugars were separated and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to pulsed amperometric detection. The dominant sugars in extracts were glucose, fructose, and sucrose. Some minor peaks, corresponding to tri- and tetrasaccharides, were also detected in some extracts. Starch increased over time in fresh and dried tissue, and concentrations varied diurnally in fresh, but not in dried tissue (P = .021). Sucrose in dried tissue decreased and then increased, with higher concentrations than in fresh tissue on all sampling dates (P = .024). Glucose and fructose exhibited diurnal variation on one and two dates, respectively (P = .034 and .0028, respectively). These results reveal trends in carbohydrate concentrations and profiles that may help to evaluate the likelihood of equine laminitis outbreaks on bermudagrass.     

Defruiting effect of young Fuyu persimmon (Diospyros kaki) on assimilate partitioning in-season and early growth the next season

Changes in the distribution of dry matter and nonstructural carbohydrates in various parts of young ‘Fuyu’ persimmon (Diospyros kaki) were examined with 3- and 4-year-old trees with (fruited) and without fruits (defruited). The effect of such changes was then monitored with regard to the magnitude of new growth the following year. From June 15 to November 1, fruiting significantly decreased the rate of dry weight accumulation in perennial parts of the tree. Dry matter was partitioned the most to fruits (68–72%) and the least to the roots. Of the total dry weight, root accounted for 8–27% in fruited and 58–62% in defruited trees. During this period, soluble sugars were three times more in fruited than in defruited trees, but more than 95% of sugars were in the fruits. Starch content increased in defruited trees, more than 93% of which being distributed to the perennial parts. Compared with fruited trees, defruiting in the previous year increased new shoot growth and the number of fruits the following year, with a 20–58% greater increase in dry matter. During the new growth from April 10 to June 10 the following year, root dry weight decreased by 30–32% in defruited trees, whereas it increased by 20–80% in the fruited ones. Soluble sugars in roots decreased by 8.8–19.7 g in defruited trees but increased by 9.7–12.3 g in fruited ones. Starch in roots decreased by 68–75.1 g in defruited trees but increased by 10.2–13.3 g in fruited ones. However, there were no significant differences in soluble sugars and starch in the newly grown parts. It was estimated that a 1-g difference in dry matter accumulated in the previous season resulted in a 116-mg and 256-mg difference in dry weight of newly grown parts, and a 6.5-mm and 17.5-mm new shoot in the following season for 3- and 4-year-old trees, respectively.     

Dry weight and carbohydrate distribution in different tree parts as affected by various fruit-loads of young persimmon and their effect on new growth in the next season

This study was conducted to determine the changes in the accumulation of dry weight (DW) and the distribution of carbohydrates in different parts of young persimmon (Diospyros kaki) as affected by various fruit-loads. The effects of such changes were monitored with regard to the abundance of new growth in the following year. On June 15, the fruit-load was adjusted to a leaf–fruit (L/F) ratio of 10, 20, and 30, and some trees were completely defruited. Between June 15 and November 11, the increase in DW was less in the defruited and more in the higher L/F-ratio trees. Among the various tree parts, the DW increased the most in the fruits during the same period. It was observed that the lower the L/F ratio, the more the DW in the fruits: the fruits accounted for 78.7% of the total DW in the 10-L/F, 57.6% in the 20-L/F, and 49.7% in the 30-L/F ratio trees. In contrast, as the L/F ratio increased, the DW distribution to the roots increased to 3% in the 10-L/F, 13% in the 20-L/F, and 26% in the 30-L/F ratio trees and 61% in the defruited trees. During this period, carbohydrates were distributed mostly to the fruits, but as the L/F ratio decreased, their distribution to permanent tree parts decreased. The distribution of soluble sugars and starch to the permanent parts was 1% and 14% in the 10-L/F, 3% and 48% in the 20-L/F, 9% and 57% in the 30-L/F ratio trees, and 71% and 93% in the defruited trees, respectively. Maintaining a lower L/F ratio resulted in a decrease in the shoot and fruit numbers in the following year: there were zero and four fruits in those trees with an L/F ratio of 10 and 20, respectively. The carbohydrates decreased in the roots of both the 30-L/F ratio trees and the defruited trees, whereas the defruited trees showed more new shoot growth in the following year. In the roots of the trees with the L/F ratio of 30, soluble sugars and starch decreased by 7.6 g and 1.8 g, respectively, during the spring growth, whereas, in the roots of the defruited trees soluble sugars and starch decreased by 33.3 g and 94.6 g, respectively.     

Starch granule size variation and relationship with tuber dry matter content in heritage potato varieties

Heritage potato varieties in Canada are historic old varieties collected from Canada and various countries before the formal establishment of the Canadian plant variety registration system and may be a valuable gene resource for beneficial traits in potato breeding and bioproducts development. Greater evaluation is the key for the enhanced use of these materials. It is unknown how much variation of starch granules occurs among Canadian heritage potato varieties. We analyzed the starch granule size of 14 potato heritage varieties held in the Canadian Plant Gene Resources collection over 2 years using a squeezed juice and microscopic method recently developed at the Potato Research Centre. The varieties demonstrated considerable variation in starch granule size and shape. The granules showed average lengths ranging from 18 μm in the variety Congo to 32 μm in ‘Russet Burbank’. The largest single granule measured from 64 μm in ‘Congo’ to 91 μm in ‘Crotte d’Ours.’ The granule sizes of the varieties showed a very high correlation (r = 0.975, P < 0.0001) between years. This high reproducibility suggests the existence of genetic factors in determining starch granule size. We also found that the starch granule size is positively correlated with tuber dry matter (in terms of specific gravity) in these heritage potatoes. The results demonstrated reproducible genotypic variation for starch granule size and shape in tubers with a significant correlation to tuber dry matter in these heritage potato varieties, and offers the possibility for and agronomic relevance of genetic modification of starch granules through selective breeding.     

xPC环境下CMAC NN在淀粉生产线液位控制中的应用

在分析CMAC神经网络的基础上,提出了利用自适应CMAC神经网络来调节淀粉生产线中乳液的液位.通过对淀粉生产线中某一液位回路进行数学建模,然后对常规PID和自适应CMAC神经网络两种控制器进行了设计与仿真.仿真结果表明,自适应CMAC神经网络在控制效果上明显优于常规PID,并且具有很高的鲁棒性.在Matlab实时开发环境xPC Target下建立了液位实时控制系统,采用快速原型控制方式,具有系统组建方便、成本低、开发周期短等特点,该系统可实现精确的过程控制.     

小麦淀粉合酶基因I的克隆及反义和RNAi载体的构建

采用RT-PCR方法从小麦品种豫教2号发育的籽粒中克隆出淀粉合酶I基因(starch synthase I,SSI)部分cDNA片段(795 bp)(GenBank No.EF221762),同源性比较结果显示,它与GenBank上已报道的SSI基因有高度同源性。以p WM101质粒为基础,构建了由35S启动子调控的SS I基因的反义表达载体p WM101SSI;另外,还以pFGC5941质粒为基础,构建了SSI基因的RNAi载体pFGC5941SSIsa,这些载体的构建为研究此基因的功能奠定了基础。     

淀粉-偶氮苯衍生物接枝共聚物的反相乳液合成及表征

以Span-80为乳化剂,K2S2O8的碱性溶液引发淀粉与偶氮苯衍生物接枝共聚,考察了反应温度、时间、pH值及乳化剂用量对接枝率和接枝效率的影响。结果表明:在反相乳液中应用价廉无毒的K2S2O8的碱性溶液引发接枝共聚反应,可以达到较高的接枝率和接枝效率。当淀粉用量7.00%,[单体]=0.391 mol/L,[K2S2O8]=8.650 mmol/L,[KOH]=0.178 mol/L,乳化剂用量8.02%,反应时间120 min以及反应温度50℃时接枝率和接枝效率分别达最大值69.88%和94.60%。并应用X-ray衍射、热重分析TGA和差热分析DTA等测试手段对接枝共聚物进行了表征,确证了接枝的发生。     

马铃薯贮藏期间干物质、还原糖、淀粉含量的变化

针对生产中栽培的5个马铃薯品种贮藏期间干物质、淀粉、还原糖含量变化及其相互关系进行分析研究,结果表明,贮藏期间马铃薯不同品种块茎干物质含量有极显著差异(P<0.01);同一品种不同贮藏时期干物质含量差异不显著;不同品种、不同贮藏时期马铃薯块茎淀粉含量和还原糖含量均有极显著差异(P<0.01);贮藏期间马铃薯块茎干物质含量与淀粉含量之间有显著的正相关关系r=0.902。     

十二烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯的合成工艺

以木薯淀粉为原料,十二烯基琥珀酸酐为酯化剂,在水相介质中对低取代度十二烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯的制备工艺进行了研究。考察了十二烯基琥珀酸酐用量与滴加速度、pH值、反应温度、反应时间和淀粉乳浓度对十二烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯取代度的影响。结果表明,延长反应时间有利于反应,增加酯化剂用量可使产品取代度增加,但反应效率下降,十二烯基琥珀酸酐的滴加速度对产品取代度的影响较小。     

糯小麦配粉对淀粉理化特性和面条品质的影响

研究了5个非糯小麦添加不同比例糯小麦面粉后淀粉糊化特性和面条加工品质的变化。结果表明,糯小麦面粉淀粉-碘吸收曲线与普通小麦显著不同,但与普通小麦支链淀粉-碘吸收曲线相近。糯小麦面粉淀粉理化特性与非糯小麦显著不同:直链淀粉含量较低,淀粉开始糊化早,最终粘度非常低,反弹值小,回生慢。普通小麦添加糯小麦面粉后,直链淀粉含量显著降低,但峰值粘度等指标并没有相应升高,面条品质也没有显著改善。不论添加糯麦粉与否,熟面条放置24 h或鲜面条放置72 h后其评分均显著下降,但添加糯麦粉后下降幅度减小,糯小麦加工的面条评分下降幅度更小,说明糯小麦面粉可以在一定程度上延长鲜湿面条的货架寿命。