Identification of S-alleles in almond using multiplex PCR

The S-genotypes of eight almond (Prunus dulcis Miller (D.A. Webb)) cultivars from different geographical origins and of nine new selections from the CEBAS-CSIC (Murcia, Spain) breeding program were determined using single and multiplex PCR with different sets of specific oligonucleotide primers. The results of PCR using the AS1II- and AmyC5R-specific primers showed amplification in a single reaction of 10 different self-incompatibility alleles and of the self-compatibility allele S _f. However, the amplified fragments of the S _f allele were of similar sizes to those amplified from the S ₃ self-incompatibility allele. For this reason, a specific PCR primer CEBASf was designed from the intron sequence of S _f. A multiplex-PCR reaction using the AS1II, CEBASf and AmyC5R primers permitted unequivocal identification of the 10 self-incompatibility alleles and of the self-compatibility allele. Multiplex PCR opens the possibility to identify new S-alleles using different sets of primers. The applications of these PCR markers in the almond-breeding programs are discussed.     

Primers amplifying a range of Prunus S-alleles

Although various consensus polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers have been reported for identifying Prunus S‐alleles, they have been developed from and optimized on a limited set of alleles, which may limit their applicability to a broader allele range. To develop a primer set for use across the genus, degenerate consensus primers were designed from conserved regions of 27 S‐RNase sequences available from five Prunus species. The primers were tested in 15 previously genotyped cultivars of cherry, almond and apricot, representing alleles S₁ to S₆ in each crop and also S_c in apricot. Comparisons were made with previously published primers tested in the same 15 cultivars under reported reaction conditions. The new primers generated an amplification product for each of the 19 S‐alleles whereas those previously available amplified no more than 14. The primers will be useful for genotyping and genetic studies in cultivars and wild populations.     

苦杏仁脱苦去毒的研究

通过单项比较筛选出混合酸盐法为最佳方法,采用L₈(4×2⁴)正交试验及对其结果进行直观和方差分析,确定出苦杏仁脱苦的影响因素依次为是否去皮、换药液次数、浸泡液温度、浸泡液用量、浸泡液种类;影响苦杏仁去毒的因素依次为浸泡液温度、换药液次数、浸泡液用量、是否去皮、浸泡液种类;但各因素的影响间均无显著差异。筛选出的混合酸盐法减少了换药液次数(即废水量),缩短了脱苦时间,保持了杏仁的色香味。最后对苦杏仁脱苦后的废水成功地进行了处理。     

巴旦杏的有机栽培技术

阐述了近几年在新疆南疆喀什地区英吉沙试验总结的巴旦杏(纸皮、双果、鹰嘴、麻壳、晚丰等品种)建园、树体与水肥管理、病虫草害防治及果实采收、贮运等的有机栽培技术,适用于有机认证的巴旦杏的栽培。     

扁桃砧木试管苗不定根发生发育的解剖学观察

以扁桃砧木品种‘Nemaguard’试管嫩茎为试材,在生根培养基上诱导生根,同时对其试管苗不定根发生发育过程进行了研究.结果表明:试管嫩茎不定根的发育过程可分为3个时期:形成层细胞分裂期,不定根原基形成期,不定根的分化形成期.扁桃砧木不定根根原基起源于形成层与射线交接处,根的发生与愈伤组织的形成没有直接关系。     

花粉萌发特性对扁桃不亲和强度差异的影响

以新疆主栽扁桃8个品种和10个杂交组合为对象,研究其自交以及杂交组合的花柱离体培养花粉管的生长情况,花柱蛋白浓度对不同品种花粉的萌发生长抑制作用的影响,并分析其对扁桃自交不亲和性影响的强度差异。结果表明:在花柱1/3处的花粉管数量差别较小,而在花柱1/2处花粉管数量显著不同。花柱蛋白在低浓度下对花粉萌发和伸长没有抑制作用,蛋白浓度超过2.0μg/μL时才发生轻微的抑制作用,并且随蛋白浓度的升高抑制作用增强,表明高浓度的花柱蛋白比低浓度的花柱蛋白更能诱导不亲和的发生。     

正交设计南疆扁桃品种芽组培离体增殖研究

[目的]获得南疆地区扁桃品种幼芽诱导增殖效果较好的培养基.[方法]以新疆南疆地区扁桃品种莎车9号、莎车14号、莎车18号和白巴旦为试材,采用正交试验的方法,设计四因子三水平的培养基.[结果]最适合莎车9号增殖的培养基是MS+6-BA 1.25 mg/L +IBA 0.2 mg/L+NAA 0.3 mg/L;最适合莎车14号增殖的培养基为MS+6-BA 1.5 mg/L +IBA 0.3 mg/L+NAA 0.3 mg/L;最适合莎车18号增殖培养基是MS+6-BA 1.25 mg/L+IBA 0.2 mg/L+NAA 0.2 mg/L;最适宜白巴旦增殖培养基为MS+6-BA 1.0 mg/L+IBA 0.3 mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L.[结论]研究进一步优化对扁桃幼芽增殖有效的培养基,为推广应用离体繁殖扁桃奠定一定的理论基础.     

新疆巴旦木花药总RNA的提取

[目的]建立一种有效的巴旦木花药总RNA提取方法,为巴旦木花粉SFB基因克隆和自交不亲和机制研究奠定基础.[方法]利用改良的CTAB法从巴旦木(Amygdalus communis L.)花药中提取高质量的总RNA.[结果]该方法获得的巴旦木花药总RNA完整性好、无多糖和蛋白质的污染,产量较高(鲜花药为283.44 μg/g),OD260/OD280在1.89～1.99,OD260/OD230>2.0.提取的巴旦木花药总RNA反转录成cDNA,以SFB(S-haplotype-specific F-box gene)基因简并引物PCR扩增,获得了目的片段.[结论]改良的CTAB法是一种简单、快速有效的巴旦木花药总RNA提取方法,提取的花药总RNA能够满足巴旦木进一步的分子生物学研究.     

扁桃胶与黄原胶的协同效果

对扁桃胶与黄原胶协同后的质构特性及变化规律进行研究,拟摸清添加扁桃胶后黄原胶口感质地特性,以期为扁桃凝胶在功能食品中的运用提供理论依据。用TA-XT2i质构仪测定不同扁桃胶添加量的黄原胶,扁桃胶的凝胶共混体,研究扁桃胶与黄原胶之间的协同效果及变化规律。结果表明,扁桃胶不同添加量下凝胶共混体各水平之间质构特性曲线总体分布存在极显著差异。扁桃胶不同添加量的凝胶共混体质构特性各表现指标：硬度差异达到显著水平,黏附性差异达到极显著水平,而脆性、弹性、黏结性、黏合性、咀嚼性和回复性等差异没达到显著水平。黄原胶的硬度随着扁桃胶添加量的增加,表现出先略降低然后急骤上升的变化过程。黄原胶的黏附性则随着扁桃胶的添加量增多持续下降。扁桃胶与黄原胶之间的协同效果的总体变化规律呈现多样性。图2表2参9     

生长调节剂在巴旦杏保花保果中的应用

试验以鹰嘴巴旦杏为试材,分别在盛花期和幼果膨大初期进行了喷施不同浓度生长调节剂保花保果的研究.以喷施清水为对照,喷施生长调节剂后每隔10 d调查一次果枝的坐果数,计算坐果率,并进行比较分析.试验结果表明:盛花期喷施不同浓度的植物生长调节剂,其中赤霉素和2,4-D以40和20 mg/L处理保花效果最好,坐果率分别比对照提高7.67;和8.33;;幼果膨大初期喷施不同浓度的植物生长调节剂,萘乙酸和比久以30和100 mg/L处理保果效果最好,坐果率分别比对照提高11.00;和6.67;.