基于车辆振动加速度响应的路面识别研究

分别在土路与公路两种路况下,对试验测试得到的车辆振动加速度响应分别从相关性、频域、时域进行信号分析,并对试验条件下的响应信号功率谱密度按照最大峰值进行归一化处理,进而提出路面识别算法。结果表明:路面识别算法可以在一定程度上对路面的频率结构作定性的判断;车辆振动加速度响应信号体现路面不平度特征的信息;分析结论能为路面识别的研究提供参考。     

陇东黄土高原地表粗糙度对耕作土壤径流的影响

用人工模拟降雨器,对陇东黄土高原不同地表粗糙度(RR)条件下翻耕土壤的径流和蓄水能力进行研究.以兰州大学庆阳黄土高原试验站为试验点,设3个处理:轻度(LR,RR＝7.6 mm),中度(MR,RR＝10.1 mm)和重度(HR,RR＝21.0 mm)处理.结果表明:在66mm/h的降雨强度下,降雨开始的20min内,LR...     

Runoff and sediment losses from rough and smooth soil surfaces in a laboratory experiment

Soil surface roughness may significantly impact runoff and erosion under rainfall. A common perception is that runoff and erosion are decreased as a function of roughness because of surface ponding and increased hydraulic roughness that reduces effective flow shear stress. The objective of this study was to measure the effects of initial surface roughness on runoff and erosion under controlled laboratory conditions. Initially, rough and smooth surfaces were exposed to five simulated rainfall applications at 5% and 20% slopes. In all cases, runoff was delayed for the case of the initially rough surface; however, this effect was temporary. Overall, no statistical differences in either total runoff or erosion were measured on the 20% slope. At 5% slope, runoff was less on the rough surface for the first rainfall application but greater on the final three, probably due to the formation of a depositional seal in that case. This resulted in an overall insignificant difference in runoff for the sum of the five rainfall applications. Erosion was greater on the rougher slope at 5% steepness, probably due to concentration of flow as it moved around the roughness elements on the rougher slope. These results indicate that commonly held perceptions of the impact of soil surface roughness on runoff and erosion may not be entirely correct in all cases.     

农田休闲期垄作地形对近地表风场的影响

垄作是旱作农田常用的保护性耕作技术,而其防风抗蚀的机制尚需研究。通过野外试验,对垄脊高25cm,垄沟宽1.5m的垄作田上风向、垄间及下风向地带0～4m的风流场进行了同步观测,对不同观测位置的时均风速、空气动力学粗糙度、摩阻速度和风速脉动进行了对比分析。结果表明,土垄间和下风向近地表0～1m内时均风速比上风向平坦地表明显降低,其中高0.3m处降低幅度最大。水平方向上风速降低幅度、空气动力学粗糙度和摩阻速度均随观测点与垄作地表距离的增大而减小。受风速递增的影响,风速的绝对脉动强度随高度呈对数关系递增。风速的相对脉动强度在0～1m内随高度增大而降低,1m以上基本无变化。高0.05m处风速的相对脉动强度在水平方向上随与垄作田距离的减小而增大,其中垄间最大,时均风速相同时对地面剪切力最大。     

塑料方格沙障的固沙原理及其推广应用前景

塑料方格沙障以高密度的聚乙烯(HDPE)为主要原料人工合成,透风系数为30%～45%,固沙机制同麦草、粘土沙障不同,具有防风固沙作用效果好,操作技术简单,使用期限长,运输方便等优点,但同时存在投入相对较高,容易沙埋、掏蚀,使推广大受限制。研究认为适宜在干旱地区退化植被的恢复重建中推广应用,与退化植被共同作用下,在实现防风固沙目标的同时避免或减轻了沙障固定桩和迎风网下的掏蚀,能促进退化植被的恢复。     

植被分布对地表糙率影响

[目的]分析在植被淹没或非淹没状态不同植被覆盖密度影响下,地表糙率的变化规律与特征,为进一步研究植被对地表糙率的影响提供参考。[方法]试验以塑料棒模拟植被分布,模拟出不同密度,分别进行放水试验。[结果]在植被淹没与非淹没状态下地表糙率的变化不同,在非淹没状态时,地表糙率随着平均水深的增加呈减小的趋势,在淹没水深小时,地表糙率随着平均水深的增加而先增大后减小,而当淹没水深很大时,地表糙率趋向于一个稳定值。[结论]地表糙率取值随植被覆盖密度的增大而增大;同一下垫面情况下,不同的水流方向,地表糙率取值不相同。     

地表糙度对径流和产沙影响的室内试验研究

该文通过室内人工模拟降雨的方法，分析了连续降雨过程条件下，不同糙度地表的径流量和产沙量的变化。研究结果表明：人工锄耕的地表，延缓径流的作用较为明显，但这一作用仅发生在降雨初期；随着降雨的进行，不同糙度地表的径流变化规律基本一致，先增加，随后趋于稳定的趋势，但径流总量没有明显变化。同样，人工锄耕的地表，延缓地表的产沙作用强于糙度小的地表，产沙率15°坡面要高于5°坡面，随着降雨的进行，在雨强1.0 mm/min条件下，这一变化更为明显，最终产沙总量变化不大。地表糙度对侵蚀的影响，不仅与降雨持续时间相关，同时与坡度密切相关，并初步证实黄土区地表糙度对侵蚀的影响存在着一定的临界条件。这为揭示地表糙度的本质特征提供了一定的理论依据，同时也可服务于黄土高原坡耕地水土流失的治理和退耕还林(草)工程的实施。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠荒漠过渡带空气动力学粗糙度分析

根据塔克拉玛干沙漠北缘荒漠过渡带哈德、肖塘2个试验点的风、温梯度观测数据,利用风速比法计算了中性大气层结、无风沙运动条件的空气动力学粗糙度[WTBX](z0),并分析探讨z0[WTBZ]与下垫面状况、大气稳定度及风速的相互关系。结果表明：哈德、肖塘中性条件下z₀的取值范围分别为 1.81×10^-11～1.20×10^-3m,1.00×10^-11～1.65×10^-3m,平均值为2.70×10^-5m 和6.05×10^-5m,与平坦沙面的值较为接近;z₀随下垫面性质变化明显;空气动力学粗糙度总体上随着理查逊数(R_i)增大而变大,但又呈现出一定的离散程度;空气动力学粗糙度与2 m高度风速呈显著的负指数关系;大气稳定度对空气动力学粗糙度的影响作用有待于进一步确定。      

Experimental analysis of the abrasive belt follow-up grinding of Zirconium-4 alloys tubes and pipes

Abrasive belt grinding experiments of Zr-4 nuclear power tube are carried out by using three different abrasive belts with same size, and the interactive generating mechanism between abrasive and workpiece is analyzed, the main factors of material removal rate and surface roughness of Zr-4 alloys are obtained. With the help of the advanced test facilities, the abrasive grain abrasion and surface topography of the workpiece are observed. The metallographic structure and microhardness of the layer of burnt surface during Zr-4 alloys Grinding are analyzed. Some conclusions are given as follows: the material removal rate and surface roughness are mainly affected by the factors of belt speed, grinding pressure, hardness of the contact wheel and abrasive type, of which, the belt speed is the strongest factor. The adhesion wear of the Zirconium corundum and aluminium oxide abrasive grit is more serious, the most important wear form of silicon carbide is abrasion wear. With the onset of grinding burn, the mechanical properties of Zr-4 alloys are deteriorated obviously. The results provide a theoretical and experimental basis for technical optimization in the grinding of Zr-4 alloys with efficiency and high quality.     

Airfoil design using improved particle swarm optimization

Based on the theory of standard particle swarm optimization (PSO), an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm is presented, and it has a better optimized performance than standard PSO. A multi-objective wind turbine airfoil shape optimization model is established and 4 kinds of different thick wind turbine airfoils with better performance are designed by using the improved PSO algorithm. The aerodynamic performance of the CQU-A18 and CQU-A21 airfoils are analyzed in detail compared with the commonly used wind turbine airfoil with the same thickness. The results show that the new airfoils show very good aerodynamic characteristics, and they are found to be very insensitive to leading edge roughness. The new airfoils exhibit the higher lift coefficient and larger lift/drag ratio in both smooth condition and rough condition at the main angle of attacks. The performances of the new airfoils show a significant improvement compared with the typical airfoils.