木材锯切表面粗糙度二维分析与三维分析对比

使用传统的二维轮廓测定方法,测量木材锯切表面粗糙度准确度不高。利用三维表面轮廓成像技术测定木材锯切表面粗糙度,可获得较为准确的检测值和更真实的锯切表面微观形貌。     

犁耕土壤表面的三维分形插值重构

利用非接触式激光地面不平度仪测量三维犁耕地面不平度,采用不同的剔除率,对剔除后的犁耕地面不平度数据进行了三维分形插值重构,使用统计特性参数及分形特性参数对原始测量的犁耕地面不平度与插值重构后的犁耕地面不平度进行对比分析。研究结果表明:在剔除率小于80%的前提下,使用三维分形插值方法可重构出三维犁耕土壤表面,真实表达了原始的三维犁耕表面;并可得出犁耕土壤不平度的纵向无标度区间为459 mm,横向无标度区间为23 mm。这对三维犁耕地面不平度的最小测量间距提供了理论依据,为三维犁耕地面不平度重构提供了实用方法。     

畦田自然要素时空变异性及其对灌水质量的影响

土壤入渗参数、田面糙率、坡度等自然要素是畦灌方案设计的基础参数,其变异性是导致灌水质量远低于预期的重要原因。为揭示畦田自然要素时空变异特征及其对灌水质量的影响,该研究在11组畦田上开展了4 a畦灌观测试验,通过实测数据全面研究了灌前自然要素的畦内空间变异性、畦间空间变异性和年际时间变异性,并结合WinSRFR地面灌溉模型,模拟分析了自然要素时空变异性对畦灌水流运动过程及灌水质量的影响。结果表明：对畦灌灌水质量影响最大的3个自然要素依次是入渗系数、入渗指数和糙率,三者空间变异系数平均值分别为11.00%、4.05%和7.94%,时间变异系数平均值是分别为26.87%、7.73%和21.86%。畦田自然要素变差导致灌水质量整体下降,自然要素的时间变异性对灌水质量的影响大于其空间变异性的影响。入渗参数和糙率的变异性对畦田后半段的水流消退过程影响较大,忽视其年际时间变异性会加大畦尾积水风险。该研究结果可为畦灌方案设计提供指导,为精细地面灌溉发展提供科学依据。     

东北典型黑土区土壤侵蚀过程顺坡起垄垄沟水力学特征分析

垄沟是垄作长缓坡耕地土壤侵蚀过程的重要汇流路径。明确垄沟的水力学特征,对于模拟东北典型黑土区垄作坡耕地土壤侵蚀过程至关重要。研究采用室内模拟降雨的方法,系统分析不同垄作方式、坡度、雨强等条件下垄沟的主要水力学参数和变量。结果表明:不同垄作方式下,坡面侵蚀量整体为窄垄宽垄无垄,并与坡度和雨强乘积呈线性正相关。水力半径随雨强和坡度的变化曲线呈对数关系;宽垄水力半径比窄垄高8.4%～11.6%,平均为10.0%。在坡度和雨强相同的情况下,宽垄垄沟糙率整体高于窄垄垄沟糙率;且在坡度递增后,宽垄垄沟糙率相较于窄垄垄沟减小幅度更弱。已有土壤侵蚀模型的坡面糙率建议取值低于本区实际观测值,需结合实际情况对其重新率定,其结果可为研究区土壤侵蚀过程模拟提供依据。     

基于激光三角法的地表粗糙度测试仪的研制

针对接触法测试地表粗糙度需要人工参与、测试时间长等问题,该文提供了一种快速的地表粗糙度测试的仪器及测试方法。基于激光三角原理,将激光投影到待测目标上,摄像机接收反射光的图像,通过图像处理算法及坐标转换得到被测区域的三维坐标,再根据粗糙度计算公式得到地表粗糙度参数的结果。将该仪器分别进行了精度及野外测试试验,精度试验测量结果的平均相对误差最大值为2.93%,仪器典型分辨率在垂直仪器扫描方向为0.78 mm,仪器扫描方向为1 mm,垂直大地方向为0.83 mm。试验结果表明,农田表面空间自相关系数的测量结果反映出了农田的垄结构特征,验证了该文仪器及方法的可行性及有效性。     

Tracking the structural and functional development of a perennial pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium L.) infestation using a multi-year archive of webcam imagery and eddy covariance measurements

The continued spread of invasive weeds is threatening ecosystem health throughout North America. Understanding the relationships between invasive weeds’ key phenological phases and structural and/or functional canopy development is an essential step for making informed decisions regarding their management. We analyzed a three-year image archive obtained from an inexpensive webcam overlooking a perennial pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium L.) infestation in California to explore the ability of red (R)-green (G)-blue (B) color space information to track the structural and functional development of the pepperweed. We characterized structural and functional canopy development through surface roughness length (z_0m; a proxy for canopy height and leaf area index) and canopy photosynthesis (F_A), respectively, both of which we derived from eddy covariance measurements. Here we demonstrate the use of cross-correlation functions to determine the temporal lags between chromatic coordinates and two color indices, all calculated from RGB brightness levels, with z_0m and F_A. We found that these color metrics fail to represent the structural and/or functional state of the canopy. In contrast, relative luminance (CIE Y) appears to be a better indicator for z_0m and especially for F_A. We calculated CIE Y from pepperweed RGB brightness levels in relation to hypothetical horizontal reference RGB brightness levels. We obtained the latter by applying the ratio between horizontally measured and hypothetical incoming solar radiation on a vertical surface to RGB brightness levels of a vertically oriented reference of invariant light-grey color. We conclude that webcam image archives may provide an inexpensive tool for making informed decisions regarding the timing but not for assessing the effectiveness of invasive plant control measures such as mowing.     

Wettability and adherence of acrylic paints on long and short rotation teaks

ABSTRACT

The quality of finished wood products depends on the quality of its coating layer. An important indicator for evaluating the quality is Adherence of the paint on the wood surface. The purpose of this research was to analyze the effect of wood surface roughness and the viscosity of acrylic paints (pure acrylic and acrylic copolymer) to the wettability and Adherence for long and short rotation teaks. Wood surface with various degrees of roughness was prepared by sanding with abrasive papers of P120, P240, and P360 grits. Different viscosity of the acrylic paints was prepared composition between paint and water (w/w) of 100:0, 90:10, 80:20, and 70:30. The wettability of the acrylic paints on teak wood surfaces was measured using a sessile drop contact angle method with the S/G model. Adherence of the coating layer was measured using a crosscut test. The results showed that the increase in the roughness (Ra) and the decrease in the viscosity of the paints resulted in the increase in the wettability which leads to better Adherence of acrylic paints on the surface of teak woods. The pure acrylic paint generated better wettability and Adherence compared to the acrylic copolymer.     

地表粗糙度及植被盖度对坡面流曼宁阻力系数的影响

为探明地表颗粒和植被共同影响下的坡面流曼宁阻力系数变化规律,在5°缓坡定床条件下,以曼宁阻力系数表征坡面流阻力,利用等效水力半径计算等效曼宁阻力系数,等效水力半径考虑了水流与植被的接触面,分别研究了4个地表粗糙度(0.009,0.12,0.18,0.38 mm)和4个植被盖度(0,4.0%,6.6%,12.2%)在9个单宽流量(0.2×10^-3~0.5×10^-3m^3/(m·s))冲刷下的坡面综合等效曼宁阻力系数、颗粒等效曼宁阻力系数及植被等效曼宁阻力系数的变化特征及相互之间的关系。结果表明:1)在坡面没有植被时,坡面综合等效曼宁阻力系数与流量呈负相关,当坡面有模拟植被时,两者间呈正相关。坡面综合等效曼宁阻力系数随着地表粗糙度和植被盖度的增加而增加;2)当地表粗糙度和模拟植被存在的坡面,线性叠加原理不适用于坡面综合阻力的计算,在水深较小时,会出现附加阻力。附加等效曼宁阻力系数与粗糙度和盖度呈正相关,而与水深负相关;3)通过多元回归分析得到坡面综合等效曼宁阻力系数的计算式,模拟效果较好(相关系数R=0.98),并分析得到各阻力分项等效曼宁阻力系数的计算式。分别剔除各阻力分项后将相关系数比较,植被阻力对坡面流综合阻力的影响最大,颗粒阻力次之,而附加阻力最小。研究成果将为构建坡面侵蚀模型和防治坡面侵蚀提供科学依据。     

基于CFD的90°弯管水头损失计算的参数敏感性分析

计算流体动力学在水利行业中得到了广泛的应用。【目的】从众多不确定因素中找出对CFD建模有重要影响的敏感性因素,并分析其对计算结果的影响程度,优化90°弯管的CFD建模方案。【方法】采用单因素分析方法,分析了网格尺寸、湍流模型、水体密度、运动黏滞系数、当量粗糙高度等参数对计算结果的影响。【结果】RNG k-ε湍流模型计算结果与经验系数计算结果相对误差在±5%以内,能有效模拟弯管湍流流态;该湍流模型无需较小的网格尺寸,能够利用较小的计算资源得到精度较高的计算结果;当水体温度高于15℃时,三维流场计算软件能够对水体密度和运动黏滞系数进行修正,使计算结果精度更高;模拟水力光滑管道时,水体密度和运动黏滞系数对计算结果影响较小。【结论】工程算例模拟计算中,应当充分考虑模拟对象的体型和材料特点以及水体温度等因素,选取适当的参数值,能有效地降低计算成本,提高计算精度。     

陶瓷材料电加工表面粗糙度的预测

针对电加工工艺参数与性能指标的函数映射关系大多具有非线性的特征，提出了将BP神经网络引入电加工领域中。考虑到BP算法的不足，提出用遗传算法来优化BP神经网络的连接权值，设计了基于进化神经网络的学习算法，建立了陶瓷材料电加工表面粗糙度随工艺参数变化的预测模型。试验结果表明，该算法可以避免BP神经网络易陷入局部极小值等问题，预测精度高，相对误差在4％之内，进而验证了该模型的可靠性。