温带气候条件下胎次、季节和哺乳期对母猪繁殖性能的影响

利用最小二乘法对温带气候条件下874窝杜洛克和659窝大约克母猪的繁殖性状数据进行统计分析。结果表明:胎次、季节对杜洛克和大约克母猪的断奶再发情间隔、产仔数、21日龄窝重等繁殖性状影响显著(P<0.05);哺乳期对杜洛克和大约克母猪的断奶再发情间隔影响显著(P<0.05)。母猪1~7胎繁殖性状呈现先升高后降低的趋势,随着哺乳期的延长母猪断奶再发情间隔先减少后增加,夏季高温高湿对母猪产生热应激,影响其生长性能的发挥。在生产中,加强对初产和六胎以上的母猪饲养管理,及时淘汰老龄母猪,在夏季做好母猪的防暑降温等工作,推荐采用21~28d断奶。     

Factors influencing equine chorionic gonadotrophin production in the mare

Reasons for performing study: An opportunity to monitor equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) production during 61 pregnancies in 25 Thoroughbred mares mated to the same Thoroughbred stallion was utilised in order to further knowledge regarding factors involved in the production of this hormone. Objectives: To examine the effects of maternal body condition, exercise and parity on eCG production. Methods: In the first experiment, maiden mares were fed either a moderate (n = 9) or an excessive (n = 10) food intake throughout gestation. In the second experiment, 5 mares were exercised daily during pregnancy and eCG production rates were compared to 5 nonexercised mares. In the third experiment, eCG profiles were compared in 9 mares during 3 successive pregnancies. Equine chorionic gonadotrophin secretion was assessed as area under the curve (AUC), peak serum concentration, timing of the peak and the rate of decline. In addition, a mean eCG profile of 61 pregnancies was created to provide means and ranges for the above parameters. Results: In Experiment 1, eCG production was significantly higher in moderately rather than excessively fed mares in terms of AUC and peak eCG concentrations. In Experiment 2, the mean AUC did not differ between exercised and nonexercised animals but mean eCG concentrations were significantly higher in nonexercised mares between Days 60 and 90 of gestation. In Experiment 3, eCG became undetectable significantly earlier in gestation in the third parity. The mean eCG profile of 61 pregnancies showed a peak of 64.5 ± 3.7 iu/ml at 62.4 ± 1.0 days after ovulation and was undetectable by 134.1 ± 1.7 days. Peak eCG levels reduced by 50% 22.6 ± 1.13 days. Conclusions: Some of the factors examined clearly influenced eCG production rate, the secretion of this hormone and its rate of disappearance from the blood. Potential relevance: The results provide insights into some factors that govern the production of the placental gonadotrophin, eCG.     

Post-partum Reproductive Performance of Sanga Cattle in Smallholder Peri-urban Dairy Herds in the Accra Plains of Ghana

The reproductive performance of 76 Sanga cows was studied from February 1995 to July 1996 in smallholder peri-urban dairy systems in the coastal savanna zone of the Accra plains of Ghana. The interval from calving to resumption of cyclic ovarian activity was 101±7 days; that from calving to conception was 152±4 days; gestation length was 292±16 days; and the calving interval was 444±16 days. The effects of location, season of calving, parity, body condition score and sex of calf were studied. Calving to cycling interval was significantly shorter in the dry season than in the wet season, and decreased significantly with increasing body condition score. Calving to conception interval was affected only by location. Gestation length was not affected by any of the variables studied. Calving interval was affected by location, season of calving, parity and body condition score. It is concluded that long post-partum anoestrus leads to prolonged calving intervals and poor reproductive performance. Feed supplementation to improve the nutritional status and body condition score of cows and early weaning of calves could be introduced to enhance reproductive performance.     

放牧新疆褐牛年龄胎次对体尺体重的影响

通过在昭苏县测定的1 338头不同年龄新疆褐牛放牧条件下体尺体重等资料进行统计,分析了新疆褐牛年龄、胎次与体尺、体重之间的关系和放牧条件下新疆褐牛生长规律,为有计划的开展育种工作和提高褐牛的终生生产性能提供科学依据.结果表明:新疆褐牛年龄和胎次对体尺、体重有显著的影响.综合分析认为新疆褐牛在相同的饲养管理条件下2岁以前生长发育迅速,是牛生长发育最重要的时期,到2岁时平均体重可达成年(按4岁为成年)牛体重的80;以上,体高、体长等主要体尺指标可达成年牛的90;以上.     

In vitro phagocytic activity of milk neutrophils during lactation cycle in Murrah buffaloes of different parity

Milk samples were collected from 34 lactating Murrah buffaloes on days 0, 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270 and day 300 after calving. Milk somatic cell counts (SCC) were highest in multiparous buffaloes . Milk SCC were significantly lower in buffaloes of third and fourth parity during early lactation and than increased significantly (p < 0.01) by the end of lactation. Milk neutrophils were significantly lower in all the buffaloes during early lactation, but increased significantly (p < 0.01) afterwards. Milk lymphocytes were significantly higher during early lactation, but decreased significantly (p < 0.01) by the end of lactation. Phagocytic activity (PA) was highest in day 1 colostrum and then decreased significantly (p < 0.01) by the fourth milking in buffaloes of second, third and fourth parity . Phagocytic index (PI) was also highest in colostrums of primiparous buffaloes. Irrespective of parity, maximum PA and PI was observed during mid lactation. In terms of in vitro phagocytic activity, early lactation is the most critical period followed by late and mid lactation.     

不同胎次奶牛血液生理生化指标影响

为了更好的了解不同胎次奶牛血液生理生化指标的变化规律，进一步指导实际生产工作，本试验选用体况相近的不同胎次荷斯坦奶牛，对奶牛的血液样品进行血常规指标和血液生化指标检测。结果表明：血常规测定发现5胎奶牛白细胞数量明显增多，显著高于2-4胎奶牛(P＜0.05)；2-4胎奶牛红细胞数显著高于5胎和1胎奶牛的红细胞数(P＜0.05)；1胎奶牛的血红蛋白却显著高于2-5胎奶牛；5胎奶牛的中性粒细胞百分数显著升高(P＜0.05)。血液生化测定发现1胎奶牛内ALKP的含量与钙离子浓度显著都高于2-4胎(P＜0.05)，趋势都是随着胎次的增加含量逐渐降低。结论得出母牛胎次与血液生理生化指标具有一定的相关性，可为不同胎次母牛的饲养管理提供依据。     

奶牛产犊胎次与乳中孕酮、雌二醇含量的关系

用放射免疫法测定了50头中国荷斯坦牛产后23d内及发情前后12d内乳中的孕酮(P)和雌二醇(E2)的含量。结果表明:产后23d内不同胎次的奶牛孕酮,雌二醇含量差异不显著,而产后不同天数之间的孕酮、雌二醇含量差异极显著(P<0.01)。不同胎次间发情前后12d内的孕酮、雌二醇含量差异不显著(P>0.05),而发情不同天数之间的孕酮、雌二醇含量差异极显著(P<0.01)。     

不同因素对荷斯坦牛体细胞评分的影响

利用陕西西安现代农业综合开发区4个奶牛场253头荷斯坦牛2000～2005年的7 082份DHI记录中的体细胞计数(SCC),分析了胎次、产犊季节和泌乳阶段对荷斯坦牛体细胞评分(SCS)的影响,并分析了不同牛场问SCS的差异。结果表明,SCS在不同牛场、不同胎次、不同产犊季节和不同泌乳阶段均存在显著差异,且这些因素相互作用对SCS有极显著影响,3场的SCS显著低于其他牛场;6～9月份平均SCS最高,5月份和10月份次之,其他月份较低;随胎次及泌乳月份的增加,SCS呈增加趋势。     

新疆地区荷斯坦牛长寿性与产奶量的遗传力估计及相关性分析

【目的】产奶性状和长寿性状均是奶牛育种中的重要性状。近年来奶牛选育中追求高产,在产奶量不断提高的同时,长寿性却呈下降趋势。随着平衡育种理念的发展,各奶业发达国家陆续将长寿性状纳入其奶牛综合选择指数。为此,探究产奶量和奶牛长寿性间的关系,为新疆地区制定中国荷斯坦奶牛综合选择指数,实现平衡育种和奶业高质量健康发展提供借鉴。【方法】收集新疆地区3个规模化牛场1997—2020年间的各项生产记录,计算在群天数和生产寿命,共计获得7 206条奶牛长寿性记录和15 218条头胎305 d产奶量记录。收集个体三代系谱信息共计18 183条,其中包括903头公牛以及20 883头母牛。首先利用SAS 9.2软件的GLM过程分析场、出生年份、出生季节和初产月龄对新疆地区中国荷斯坦牛在群天数、生产寿命和头胎305 d产奶量的影响,计算出在群天数、生产寿命和头胎305 d产奶量的最小二乘均值。再利用SPSS 19.0 软件计算新疆地区中国荷斯坦牛在群天数、生产寿命和头胎305 d产奶量Pearson相关系数。其次利用DMU软件中AI-REML结合EM算法并配合多性状动物模型,估计新疆地区荷斯坦奶牛在群天数、生产寿命和头胎305 d产奶量的遗传方差、表型方差、协方差,计算在群天数、生产寿命和头胎305 d产奶量之间的遗传相关。最后利用动物模型 BLUP 法对新疆地区中国荷斯坦牛在群天数、生产寿命和头胎305 d产奶量进行育种值的估计,并绘制遗传趋势图。【结果】对新疆地区中国荷斯坦牛在群天数、生产寿命和头胎305 d产奶量进行基本统计分析结果显示：新疆地区中国荷斯坦奶牛平均在群天数1 754.7 d,平均生产寿命937.33 d,头胎305 d产奶量平均为9 362.94 kg。GLM程序分析显示不同场、出生年份、出生季节以及初产月龄效应对在群天数、生产寿命以及头胎305 d产奶量均有极显著影响（P<0.01）。新疆地区中国荷斯坦牛在群天数、生产寿命和头胎305 d产奶量的遗传力为0.11（0.03）、0.11（0.03）和0.33（0.03）。在群天数和生产寿命之间遗传和表型相关高,相关系数分别为0.99和0.98;305 d产奶量与在群天数和生产寿命表型之间呈正相关,相关系数分别为0.079和0.077,而遗传相关则呈负相关,相关系数分别为-0.18和-0.20。对新疆地区中国荷斯坦在群天数、生产寿命和头胎305 d产奶量遗传趋势图绘制可知,在群天数和生产寿命,均随着参测牛头数增加育种值变化较大,整体呈下降趋势;荷斯坦牛的头胎305 d产奶量同样随着参测牛头数的增加,育种值变化较大,但是总体呈现上升趋势。【结论】因此在对产奶量进行选育提高同时,应当兼顾长寿性,避免随着产奶量的提高,导致奶牛长寿性的下降。     

Exposure to maternal feces in lactation influences piglet enteric microbiota,growth, and survival preweaning

It is known that gilt progeny performance is reduced compared with sow progeny. Previous research suggests that the presence of maternal feces in early life improves the health and survival of offspring. Therefore, we aimed to determine whether contact with feces from multiparous (MP) sows would improve the growth and survival of piglets born and reared on primiparous (P1) sows and if so, whether these differences are associated with the gut microbiota. Four treatments were applied for 10 days: Donor (n = 29) piglets had limited access to maternal feces as, each morning, sow feces were removed and placed in the crate of a P1 sow (P1-FT; n = 30 piglets) and P1-Con (n = 29) and MP-Con (n = 33) piglets had access to their own mothers’ feces. All piglets were weighed on days 1, 3, 10, and 18. Fecal samples were collected from a subset of sows (n = 10/treatment) 3 days post farrow and from two female piglets/litter on days 10 and 18 (n = 20/treatment) and subject to 16S rRNA amplicon analysis. Escherichia, Clostridium, Campylobacter, and Treponema were more abundant in MP sows, while P1 sows had a higher abundance of Lactobacillus and Prevotella. At 10 days, P1 progeny fecal microbiota differed, and growth and survival were reduced when compared with MP progeny. No treatment effect was observed for P1-FT piglets (P > 0.05). Donor piglets had a different fecal microbiota and improved weight and survival then all other treatments (P < 0.05). Overall, the removal of sow feces from the farrowing crate improved piglet microbiota development, growth, and survival.