不同能量水平日粮对2～3胎淘汰荷斯坦母牛育肥性能的影响

为了探究不同能量水平日粮对2～3胎淘汰荷斯坦母牛生长性能、血液指标及屠宰性能的影响,选取24头体型相近、平均体重540 kg的淘汰荷斯坦母牛(2～3胎),采用单因子完全随机试验设计均分为3组,每组8头,分别为Ⅰ组(低能量组)、Ⅱ组(中能量组)和Ⅲ组(高能量组)。试验分为前期和后期2个阶段,整个试验期共100 d。结果:Ⅱ组的日增重最高,较Ⅰ、Ⅲ组分别提高4. 72%和20. 91%(P>0. 05);Ⅱ组的干物质采食量最高(P>0. 05),料重比最低(P<0. 01)。提高日粮能量水平可显著提高血清胆固醇的含量,显著降低β-羟丁酸的含量。Ⅲ组牛的屠宰率最高,较Ⅰ组提高4. 83%(P<0. 05),较Ⅱ组提高2. 58%(P>0. 05);提高日粮能量水平能够促进2～3胎淘汰荷斯坦母牛的脂肪沉积,改善肉品质。综合结果表明:Ⅱ组(中能组)的饲喂效果最好。因此,对540 kg左右的淘汰荷斯坦母牛(2～3胎)育肥时,营养水平建议值为前期:综合净能7. 00 MJ/kg,粗蛋白质为12. 5%;后期:综合净能7. 1 MJ/kg,粗蛋白质为12%。     

长大二元杂种母猪的胎龄变化与其繁殖性能的关系

以长大二元杂种母猪为研究对象,应用SPSS 19.0软件的单因素方差分析对79 679个胎次的产仔数据进行分析,以研究母猪胎龄变化与其繁殖性能的关系。结果显示,母猪群分娩率和胎均总仔数的高峰值主要集中在第3—6胎,在第7胎或第8胎后出现逐步下降。此外,母猪群在剔除连续第1—2胎的总仔数均小于10头的母猪个体后,其群体的平均分娩率提升至94.58%,极显著提高了2.30个百分点(P<0.01);胎均总仔数达到12.78头,极显著提高了0.50头(P<0.01)。结果表明,通过前2胎的成绩来优化种猪群体,能够极显著提升繁殖性能。     

A long term study of the health status and performance of sows on different feed allowances during late pregnancy. I. Clinical observations, with special reference to agalactia post partum

Thirty nine pairs of full sibs were investigated over 6 parities in a long term study on the effects of late pregnancy feed allowance on the occurrence of agalactia post partum and on the performance of sows and piglets. A careful examination of all sows with a rectal temperature exceeding 39.5 degrees C was performed by a veterinarian within the first 48 h after farrowing. Milk-samples were taken from sows with elevated rectal temperatures and showing clinical symptoms of agalactia. During the last 15 days of gestation the sows in the control group were fed 3.4 kg daily and the sows in the experimental group 1.0 kg daily of a commercial type of diet. In 26.6% of the farrowings in the control group the sows were agalactic whereas the corresponding figure in the experimental group was 14.4%. On clinical examination udder changes were observed in a majority of the diseased sows in both groups. However, the agalactic sows in the control group were generally more affected, with lower water and feed consumption than in the experimental group. No effects of age of the sow (parity number) or length of the gestation period on the incidence of agalactia were demonstrated. The rectal temperature of agalactic sows was significantly higher than in the healthy sows already 1 day before farrowing. The agalactic sows farrowed a larger number of stillborn piglets, which indicates an early establishment of the disease. The number of weaned piglets at 6 weeks did not differ between agalactic and healthy animals. The interval from weaning to first oestrus was not influenced by agalactia in the preceding lactation.     

Relationship between parity and mineral status in dairy cows during the periparturient period

Data from 65 cows were collected to clarify the relationship between parity and mineral status in Holstein cows during the periparturient period. Milk fever occurred in a second‐ and a fourth‐lactation cow at parturition. Bodyweight of cows decreased immediately after parturition, and the decreased weights of cows from 1 to 6 days after parturition ranged from 11 to 27 kg. Milk yield of multiparous cows was higher than that of primiparous cows, but Ca and P concentrations in colostrum were not affected by the parity. Plasma glucose of primiparous cows was higher than that of multiparous cows, and plasma nonesterified fatty acids of fourth‐and‐more‐lactation cows at parturition was highest. Plasma Ca concentration of cows at parturition decreased with advancing parity, and plasma inorganic P concentration of third‐and‐more‐lactation cows was lowest at parturition. Plasma parathyroid hormone of fourth‐and‐more‐lactation cows at parturition was highest, but plasma hydroxyproline and alkaline phosphatase was lowest. These results suggest that the large transfer of Ca and P to colostrum is a factor in the development of milk fever in third‐and‐more‐lactation cows.     

年龄、胎次、配种月份对奶牛产犊性别的影响

根据西宁某奶牛场1984-1995年荷斯坦奶牛的配种产犊记录,按不同配种年龄、胎次与配种月份所产犊的性别进行统计分析。结果表明:配种年龄对奶牛产犊性别无显著影响(p>0.05);胎次与奶牛产犊性别的关系表现为第三胎所产公犊显著多于母犊(p<0.05),其它各胎次差异均不显著(p>0.05);配种月份对奶牛产犊性别的影响表现为3-5月配种所产犊牛有母犊多于公犊趋势,但差异不显著(p>0.05),6月-9月配种所产犊牛公犊显著多于母犊(p<0.05),其余各月份差异均不显著(p>0.05)。     

Uterine involution in Finnish dairy cows

The effect of parity on the cervical and uterine involution was studied in 79 Finnish dairy cows on a research farm. The cows were examined clinically by rectal palpation 3 times a week during 8 weeks postpartum. The diameters of the cervix and uterine horns were estimated manually. The parous uterine horn was compared with the non-parous one. The results were separately analysed in primiparous cows (n = 18) and in those with the third calving (n = 61). A significant difference (p less than 0.001) between the parous and non-parous uterine horns was obtained until 21 days. Thereafter, involution still continued and equal diameters for the horns were not found until 5 weeks after parturition. A decline of the cervical diameter continued until 30 days after the delivery. The parity had no significant effect on the swiftness of uterine or cervical involution. However, in multiparous cows the cervical diameter remained larger than that in the primiparous animals still at 8 weeks postpartum.     

Genetic Analysis of Growth Traits in Muzaffarnagari sheep

Data on 4112 Muzaffarnagari sheep, maintained at the Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura, India, and recorded between 1976 and 1999, were analysed to study the growth-related traits and their genetic control. The average weights at birth, and at 12 months of age were 3.1±0.2 and 28.0±0.6 kg, respectively. The pre- and post-weaning average daily weight gains were 127.8±3.3 g and 49.4±1.6 g, and the associated growth efficiencies were 3.59±0.08 and 0.95±0.03. Significant differences associated with the year of lambing were observed in body weight, weight gain and efficiency in weight gain at different stages of growth. The lambs born in the dam's second parity were generally of heavier weight and higher daily weight gain than those born in other parities. Males were heavier and had a higher weight gain than females at almost all stages of growth and the differences tended to increase with age. Single-born lambs had a distinct advantage over those born in multiple births at all stages of growth. The heritabilities of all body weights, weight gains and efficiency in weight gains at different stages of growth were moderate (0.18–0.26), except for birth weight, which was of low heritability (0.068±0.01). The phenotypic and genetic correlations among the different body weights were positive and high, except for birth weight. The genetic correlation of the pre- and post-weaning average daily weight gains with body weights were high and positive.     

胎次与产仔数对广东小耳花猪初生仔猪均匀度的影响

初生仔猪均匀度常用窝初生个体均重的标准偏差及变异系数表示,是反映母猪孕期繁殖效率的重要指标之一。为了研究不同胎次及产仔数对初生仔猪均匀度的影响,研究对1011窝广东小耳花猪的历史分娩数据进行分析。结果表明:窝初生个体均重为0.67 kg,窝初生个体均重的标准偏差为0.13 kg,窝初生个体均重的变异系数为19%;窝初生个体均重与窝初生个体均重标准偏差的相关系数是0.296,呈极显著正相关(P约0.01);窝初生个体均重变异系数与总产仔数的相关系数是0.028,与产活仔数的相关系数为0.024,均呈现弱正相关。研究建议在地方猪开发利用中,合理调整群体胎龄结构,改善饲养管理方式,合理调整孕期母猪营养水平,进一步提高群体初生仔猪均匀度。     

养殖规模对不同胎次母猪生产力的影响

为了比较不同规模猪场不同胎次母猪繁殖力的高低,本研究采集了106家不同规模猪场母猪的详细生产数据。按母猪实际存栏头数将猪场划分为<1 000、1 000~5 000、5 000~10 000和≥10 000头4个规模,分析不同规模猪场母猪1~9胎次活仔率、健仔率、畸形仔率、死胎率、木乃伊率、断奶活仔率及窝均产总仔数、窝均产活仔数、窝均产健仔数、窝均产死胎数、窝均断奶活仔数、窝均出生个体重、窝均出生窝重等相关繁殖指标的差异。结果表明,在胎次相同的情况下,猪场活仔率、健仔率和断奶活仔率随着饲养规模的扩大呈逐渐升高的趋势,而畸形仔率、死胎率和木乃伊率则呈相反趋势。母猪实际存栏头数≥10 000头的猪场1~7胎次（第4胎除外）的活仔率、健仔率和断奶活仔率均显著高于<1 000头猪场（P<0.05）,而与其他两个规模猪场差异不显著（P>0.05）。母猪存栏数<1 000头的猪场1、2、3、5、7胎次的死胎率显著高于其他3个规模猪场（P<0.05）。各个胎次的窝均产总仔数、产活仔数、产健仔数、畸形仔数、死胎数、木乃伊数、出生窝重都随着猪场饲养规模的扩大呈逐渐降低的趋势。<1 000头的猪场第2、3胎的母猪窝均产总仔数、产活仔数、产死胎数、窝均断奶活仔数、窝均出生窝重均显著高于其他3个规模猪场（P<0.05）。综上,养殖规模对不同胎次母猪生产力均产生较大影响,中大规模猪场（≥1 000头）的母猪繁殖力整体上低于小规模猪场（<1 000头）,但仔猪的体况和成活率要优于小规模猪场。     

奶牛产犊胎次与乳中孕酮、雌二醇含量的关系

用放射免疫法测定了50头中国荷斯坦牛产后23d内及发情前后12d内乳中的孕酮(P)和雌二醇(E2)的含量。结果表明:产后23d内不同胎次的奶牛孕酮,雌二醇含量差异不显著,而产后不同天数之间的孕酮、雌二醇含量差异极显著(P<0.01)。不同胎次间发情前后12d内的孕酮、雌二醇含量差异不显著(P>0.05),而发情不同天数之间的孕酮、雌二醇含量差异极显著(P<0.01)。