Isolation of Salmonella Organisms from Commercial Layer Houses Where the Flocks Were Molted with a Wheat Bran Diet

To develop an alternative method to feed withdrawal for molting layers, 2 flocks consisting of approximately 26,000 commercial laying hens each at 478 (68 wk, flock 1) and 466 (67 wk, flock 2) d of age were reared in an environmentally controlled windowless house and were fed wheat bran (WB) diet. Flock 1 hens were fed WB for 25 d, and flock 2 hens were fed WB for 21 d and then fed a mixture of WB and layer feed (1:1, wt:wt) for the last 4 d of the treatment. After that, the birds in both flocks were fed a normal layer feed. The photoperiod was reduced from 16 to 9 h in both flocks. Most of the birds in both flocks ceased egg production by 10 to 15 d of feeding the WB diets. Egg production in flock 1 gradually increased to 11.4% by 31 to 40 d and 71.4% by 41 to 50 d of the treatment, whereas the egg production in flock 2 hens lagged behind by almost 10 d. The mean egg production from 61 to 140 d exceeded 86% in both flocks. The houses in the farm were naturally contaminated with several serovars of Salmonella, not Enteriditis or Typhimurium. In both flocks with the WB treatment, no marked increase in Salmonella isolation from environmental samples was observed postmolt relative to premolt levels. The study demonstrated that feeding hens WB could be successfully used as an alternative to feed withdrawal to force-rest aging hens while not exacerbating a Salmonella problem in a commercial egg-production setting.     

引进三眠蚕诱导技术生产超细纤度生丝的试验及其开发意见

安徽金寨县引进三眠蚕诱导技术生产超细纤度生丝 ,并就开发生产超细纤度生丝提出建议意见     

赤眼蜂寄生后亚洲玉米螟卵内保幼激素酯酶活力与蜕皮激素滴度的变化

采用放射化学法（RC）与放射免疫法（RIA）分别测定了被玉米螟赤眼蜂（Trichogramma ostriniae)寄生的亚洲玉米螟（Ostrinia furnacalis)卵内保幼激素酯酶活力与蜕皮激素滴度的变化。结果发现，被寄生的卵内，保幼激素酯酶活力和蜕皮激素滴度的变化在很大程度上反映了玉米螟赤眼蜂从卵到蛹的个体发育过程中体内激素的动态变化。与玉米螟卵内激素变化显不同，说明早期被寄生的玉米螟卵内进行的是玉米螟赤眼蜂的个体发育，而玉米玉米螟的胚胎发育受到了抑制。     

Describing the growth and molt of modern domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) primary wing feathers

The use of feathers as noninvasive physiological measurements of biomarkers in poultry research is expanding. Feather molting patterns and growth rates, however, are not well described in domestic poultry. These parameters could influence the measurement of these biomarkers. Therefore, the objective of this study was to describe the juvenile primary feather molting patterns and feather growth rates for domestic turkeys. The 10 primary wing feathers of 48 female turkeys were measured weekly from week 1 (0 d of age) to week 20. Feathers were manually measured, and the presence or absence of each primary feather was recorded weekly. Generalized linear mixed models were used to investigate if feather growth differed between the primary feathers. The molting of the juvenile primary feathers followed a typical descending pattern starting with P1 (5 wk of age), while P9 and P10 had not molted by the end of the study (20 wk of age). The average feather growth rate was 2.4 cm/wk, although there was a significant difference between the 10 primary feathers (P < 0.0001, 2.1 to 2.8 cm/wk). Over time, feather growth followed a pattern where the growth rate reaches a peak and then declines until the feather is molted. The results of this study provide a critical update of patterns of molting and feather growth in primary wing feathers of modern turkeys. This can have implications for the interpretation of physiological biomarkers, such as the longitudinal deposition of corticosterone, in the feathers of domestic turkeys.     

光照周期对中国对虾稚虾蜕皮和生长的影响

实验中国对虾 (FenneropenaeuschinensisOsbeck)的初始体重为 (0 .94 5± 0 .0 0 5 )g ( X±SE) ,投喂的饲料为人工配合饲料 ,实验的光照周期为 0L∶2 4D、2 4L∶0D、14D∶10L和 14L∶10D ,实验持续 35d。在 4种光照周期条件下 ,实验结果如下 :(1)中国对虾的特定生长率 (SGR)没有显著的差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;(2 )中国对虾的摄食量 (FI)没有显著的差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;(3)中国对虾的食物转化率 (FCE)没有显著的差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;(4 )中国对虾的蜕皮频率 (MF)不同 ,其中 ,2 4L∶0D和 0L∶2 4D下较低 ,14L∶10D和 14D∶10L下较高 ,且差异达到显著水平 (P <0 .0 5 )。实验结果表明 :光照周期影响中国对虾用在蜕皮上的能量分配 ,中国对虾的蜕皮频率存在一定的差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,但由于对中国对虾的摄食量和食物转化率没有影响 ,中国对虾用在生长的能量比例相近 ,故对中国对虾的生长未产生显著的影响。与光照强度和光谱组成对中国对虾生长的影响的研究结果相比 ,在中国对虾的集约化养殖生产中 ,光照周期的选择是次要的     

黄蟹“和”绿蟹“的鉴别方法及两者的蜕壳死亡率

介绍了中华绒螯蟹蟹种中“黄蟹”和“绿蟹”的鉴别方法，报导了用这两种蟹种进行对照饲养试验的结果。     

祖代蛋种鸡的强制换羽试验

将4358只健康的63周龄罗曼褐祖代D系蛋用种鸡依其在舍内原来所处位置分为4组(D1、D2、D3和D4)进行强制换羽。D3和D4两组于断料后的前3天每只每天补饲石粉15g,D1和D2组不补加;恢复正常后喂料D2和D4两组使用预产鸡料lld,转为产蛋期料,D1和D3两组在恢复喂料后第20天直接由育成鸡料转换为产蛋鸡料。结果在断料后产蛋率降低幅度方面的大小顺序为D1、D2、D4、D3;断料期间各组体重降低速度方面无显著差异,但恢复喂料后D4的体重增长速度明显高于其他3组;恢复喂料后第3～6周内平均产蛋率由高到低依次为D2、D4、D3和D1;平均蛋重各组间无显著差异;停料期间及恢复喂料早期的死淘率D3明显低于其他3组,D4次之,D2最高。综合来看,以断料之初补饲3d石粉、恢复喂料期间使用预产鸡料的处理效果最好。     

三疣梭子蟹FAMeT基因克隆及其在蜕皮周期中的表达水平

法尼酸甲基转移酶(farnesoic acid O-methyl transferase, FAMeT)是甲基法尼酯(methyl farnesoate, MF)生物合成途径中最后一步的关键酶,MF是一种类似昆虫保幼激素(juvenile hormone, JH)的倍半萜,在甲壳动物的生长发育及繁殖过程中起到了重要作用。本文克隆得到了三疣梭子蟹FAMeT的全长cDNA序列（GenBank登录号：KC192659）,它包括一个201bp 的5非编码区、一个318bp的 3非编码区,和一个825bp的开放阅读框（ORF）,编码274个氨基酸;推导的氨基酸序列与已公布的其他甲壳动物FAMeT进行比对,发现一致性达75%-97%,其中与远海梭子蟹FAMeT的一致性最高;而且该氨基酸序列由两个CF（CPAMD8/FAMeT）区域组成,这两个CF区域是FAMeT的标志,在所有甲壳动物的FAMeT里均有发现,因此推导的氨基酸序列是三疣梭子蟹FAMeT基因。我们运用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)的方法分析了其在不同组织中、不同蜕皮周期中的表达量变化,发现FAMeT在三疣梭子蟹的各个组织里均有表达且在胸神经节(Taoracic ganglia)里表达最强;在三疣梭子蟹蜕皮过程中,大颚器FAMeT在D1期表达最强,然后逐渐下降至D4最低。该结果表明FAMeT在三疣梭子蟹蜕皮调控中起着重要的作用。     

罗氏沼虾细胞色素P450家族CYP302a1基因克隆及其在蜕皮周期中的表达

蜕皮是甲壳动物重要的生理活动,与其蜕皮激素的合成密切相关,细胞色素P450(CYP)302a1是甲壳动物蜕皮激素合成通路中的关键酶之一。本研究克隆了罗氏沼虾CYP302a1基因(Mr-CYP302a1),cDNA全长1859 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)为1629 bp,编码543个氨基酸(aa),分子量大小为61.09 ku,等电点为8.42。氨基酸序列分析显示CYP302a1基因的保守结构域含有5个P450基因家族特征保守区域:heme-binding、helix-K、helixC、helix-I及PERF。系统进化分析结果显示Mr-CYP302a1首先与绿虾CYP302a1聚为一支,然后与凡纳滨对虾及三疣梭子蟹等十足目甲壳动物的CYP302a1聚为一支,与甲壳动物的亲缘关系最近。实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测表明Mr-CYP302a1在罗氏沼虾的多个组织中均有表达,其中在Y器官中的表达量最高,性腺中次之。同时研究发现,MrCYP302a1基因在罗氏沼虾的蜕皮后期(A期和B期)表达量很低,蜕皮间期(C期)表达量开始上升,在蜕皮前期D1亚期达到峰值。对Mr-CYP302a1进行蛋白表达及多克隆抗体制备,蛋白印迹法(Western blot,WB)检测表明Mr-CYP302a1蛋白在罗氏沼虾Y器官中的表达量最高,在蜕皮过程中的蜕皮前期D1亚期达到峰值。综上所述,该基因在罗氏沼虾的蜕皮过程中扮演着十分重要的角色。