富氢生理盐水干预小型猪肝脏缺血再灌注合并肝脏部分切除损伤中内质网应激影响的研究

为探究富氢生理盐水（hydrogen-rich saline，HRS）干预小型猪肝脏缺血再灌注合并肝脏部分切除损伤中内质网应激（endoplasmic reticulum stress，ERS）影响，试验选取4~6月龄、体重20~30 kg的健康巴马小型猪18头，随机分为3组，每组6只，分别为假手术组、模型组和HRS干预组。假手术组仅进行翻动肝叶，维持气腹3 h；模型组用腹腔镜手术建立右半肝脏缺血60 min合并左半肝脏切除模型；HRS干预组建立手术模型并于门静脉置管在再灌注前10 min及术后1、2、3 d经静脉注射10 mL/kg HRS。各组分别于术前、再灌注即刻、术后即刻、术后1 d、术后3 d经腹腔镜手术采取肝脏组织，进行HE染色检测，并检测肝脏组织中ERS参数：PKR样ER调节激酶（PERK）、需肌醇酶1（IRE1）、活化转录因子6（ATF6）、葡萄糖调节蛋白78（GRP78）、活化转录因子4（ATF4）、C/EBP转录因子（CHOP）mRNA的表达水平。结果显示，模型组、HRS干预组肝脏组织病理变化较假手术组严重，且与假手术组相比，模型组、HRS干预组ERS相关参数mRNA表达水平上调；HRS干预组肝脏组织病理变化较模型组轻微，且各项ERS相关参数mRNA表达水平均低于模型组。结果表明，缺血再灌注损伤（ischemia-reperfusion injury，IRI）能诱导肝脏ERS，导致肝脏损伤，而HRS可能是通过抑制过度的ERS从而减轻肝脏IRI。     

脂肪间充质干细胞条件培养基对小型猪肝缺血再灌注合并肝部分切除炎症反应的影响

本研究旨在探究脂肪间充质干细胞条件培养基（adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells-condition medium，ADSCs-CM）对小型猪肝缺血再灌注合并肝部分切除炎症反应的作用。基于腹腔镜技术对24头小型猪建立肝缺血再灌注（ischemia reperfusion，IR）合并肝部分切除模型，根据术后对肝移植4种不同物质：生理盐水、浓缩的基础培养基、浓缩的脂肪间充质干细胞培养基、脂肪间充质干细胞，将小型猪分为模型组（IRI）、DMEM组（DMEM）、ADSCs-CM组（CM）和ADSCs组（ADSCs）4组，每组6只。分别于术前、术后1、3、7 d采集血液与肝组织样本，通过病理组织学炎性细胞的观察，血液常规指标的检测，血清皮质醇（COR）、C反应蛋白（CRP）、透明质酸（HA）的ELISA检测，肝组织炎症相关基因IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、IL-10 mRNA的qRT-PCR检测综合评价ADSCs-CM对炎症反应的作用。结果显示：术后1和3 d：IRI组、DMEM组的病理切片出现较多炎性细胞，血常规和炎症相关基因结果也表明术后发生炎症反应，而CM组和ADSCs组显著减少组织中炎性细胞的浸润和血液中白细胞（WBC）、中性粒细胞（NE）、淋巴细胞（LY）的细胞数，降低组织中促炎因子IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α mRNA的表达水平，并提高抗炎因子IL-10 mRNA的表达水平。术后7 d，各组基本恢复到术前水平。综上表明：肝缺血再灌注合并肝部分切除可致炎症的发生，ADSCs-CM和ADSCs均可改善肝缺血再灌注合并肝部分切除的炎症反应，ADSCs-CM移植有潜力成为未来治疗炎症反应的无细胞疗法。     

Yiqi-Yangyin recipe attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in diabetic rats by activation of ERK/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway

AIM: To explore the effect of Yiqi-Yangyin recipe on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) in rats with diabetes mellitus (DM) and the possible mechanism. METHODS: The rats were divided into normal group (control group), DM sham operation (DM-S) group, DM+MIRI group, low-, medium-and high-dose Yiqi-Yang-yin recipe (TL, TM and TH) groups (7.5, 15 and 30 g/kg decoction of Yiqi-Yangyin recipe by gavage), and Nrf2 inhibitor (bardoxolone methyl) group (30 mg/kg bardoxolone methyl by intragastric administration). The gavage volume was 1 mL/kg. There were 15 rats in each group, and they were administered continuously for 7 d. The tail vein blood was collec-ted after the last administration to detect the blood sugar and lipid levels in the rats. The serum levels of cardiac troponin I (cTnI), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-10 were measured by ELISA. Echocardiography was used to detect the changes of cardiac function in the rats after blood collection. After cardiac function test, the rats were sacrificed to obtain cardiac tissues, and the volume changes of myocardial infarction were assessed by triphenylte-trazole chloride staining. The histopathological changes of myocardium was observed by HE staining. The cardiomyocyte apoptosis was determined by TUNEL assay. The protein levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK), nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in the myocardium were determined by Western blot. The myocardial activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was measured by nitro blue tetrazolium method, the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) was tested by thiobarbituric acid method, and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was analyzed by iron ion reduction method. RESULTS: Compared with control group, the levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) in DM-S group and DM+MIRI group were significantly elevated, while the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was significantly lowered (P<0.05). Compared with DM-S group and DM+MIRI group, the levels of FBG, TC, TG in TL, TM, TH and bardoxolone methyl groups were significantly decreased, while HDL-C level was significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with control group and DM-S group, heart rate (HR) and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) were increased in DM+MIRI group, mean arterial pressure (MAP), left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were decreased, serum levels of cTnI, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-10 were increased, the myocardial infarction volume percentage was increased, the myocardial cell breakage and necrosis were increased, the myocardial cell apoptotic rate was increased, the protein levels of p-ERK1/2, Nrf2 and HO-1 were decreased, MDA and ROS levels were increased, and the activity of SOD was decreased (P<0.05). Compared with DM+MIRI group, HR and LVEDP were decreased in TL, TM, TH and bardoxolone methyl groups, MAP, LVSP and LVEF were increased, the serum levels of cTnI, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-10 were decreased, the myocardial infarction volume percentage was decreased, myocardial cell breakage and necrosis were decreased, myocardial cell apoptotic rate was decreased, the protein levels of p-ERK1/2, Nrf2 and HO-1 were increased, the MDA and ROS levels were decreased, and the activity of SOD was increased (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Yiqi-Yangyin recipe protects the myocardial tissue of DM+MIRI rats from injury and reduces the oxidative stress level, which may be achieved by activating ERK/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.     

茶多酚(TP)对抗脑缺血再灌流损伤的保护作用机理研究

选用先天性缺乏Willis交通动脉环的沙土鼠(Gerbil),用结扎颈总动脉方法使其脑组织缺血、缺氧后再灌流,可使其脑内SOD活性显著下降,MDA含量显著升高,而TP提前60min.ip,可使沙土鼠脑缺血30min,再灌流15min的脑内SOD活性升高54.02％(p<0.001),MDA含量降低21.80％(p<0.001),有效地改善脑组织的生化指标,其效果优于阳性药(尼莫地平和槲皮素).用化学发光法测定TP及阳性药对O_2的IC_(50).结果表明:TP清除自由基的效果最强,尼莫地平则无此作用.最后,本文以自由基学说对TP的药理机制进行了讨论.     

Protective Effects of Oleuropein on Cerebral Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in Mice

To explore the protection role and mechanism of oleuropein and edaravone on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice.Fifty mice were divided into five groups:Sham operation group,model group,oleuropein group,edaravone group,oleuropein+edaravone group.The model was established by ligating common carotid artery.After modeling,the mice were administrated with oleuropein,edaravone and oleuropein+edaravone for 21 d,respectively.The contents of TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-10 were detected by radioimmunoassay.The activities of ATPase,MPO,SOD and CAT and MDA content were measured by spectrophotometry.The changes of BDNF expression in cerebral cortex were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting.The results showed that compared to sham operation group,the contents of TNF-α,IL-1β,MDA and MPO activity in model group were extremely significantly increased (P<0.01),and the levels of IL-10,ATPase,SOD and CAT in model group were extremely significantly reduced (P<0.01),the BDNF expression in model group was extremely significantly decreased (P<0.01).Compared to model group,the contents of TNF-α,IL-1β,MDA and MPO activity in oleuropein,edaravone,and oleuropein+edaravone groups were extremely significantly decreased (P<0.01),the levels of IL-10,ATPase,SOD and CAT were extremely significantly increased (P<0.01),the BDNF expression was extremely significantly up-regulated in cerebral cortex of treatment group (P<0.01).Furthermore,the oleuropein+edaravone combined administration showed a better effect.The treatments of oleuropein and edaravone had a protective effect on cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury,the mechanisms of which might depend on improving neurological function,reducing free radical lesion and inhibiting inflammatory response.Moreover,the oleuropein+edaravone combination therapy might have an additive effect.     

An animal model of acute lung injury induced by left ventricular ischemia-reperfusion

AIM: To establish a method of making acute lung injury model induced by left ventricular ischemia-reperfusion.METHODS: Forty New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into model group (MG) and control group (CG). The left ventricular ischemia-reperfusion was established by ligaturing and loosing the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery in the rabbits in MG group. The electrocardiogram, the phrenic nerve discharge curve, the ultrastructure and histological analysis of the lung tissues were compared between MG group and CG group.RESULTS: The myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury resulted in acute lung injury in the rabbits of MG group, and the duration and amplitude of the phrenic nerve discharge curve were reduced. The ultrastructure and histological analysis of the lung tissues in MG group showed acute injury. These situations were not appeared in CG group. The correlation between myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and acute lung injury were significant in MG group. CONCLUSION: The animal model of acute lung injury induced by left ventricular ischemia-reperfusion is reliable and feasible.     

Effects of simvastatin on expression of Bcl-2 and Bax in myocardium of rats with renal ischemia-reperfusion injury

AIM: To observe the effect of simvastatin on myocardial tissue after renal ischemia-reperfusion injury and its mechanism. METHODS: A rat model of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury was prepared by clamping the bilateral renal arteries for 45 min. The rats (n=36) were randomly divided into sham operation group, renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) group and simvastatin group with 12 rats in each group. The content of serum creatinine (SCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and myocardial tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), the myocardial activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and the myocardial protein expression of Bcl-2 and Bax were detected. RESULTS: Compared with sham operation group, the content of SCr, BUN and myocardial MDA, and the myocardial activity of LDH and CK in I/R group were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the activity of SOD was significantly decreased (P<0.05). Compared with I/R group, the content of SCr, BUN and myocardial MDA, and the myocardial activity of LDH and CK in simvastatin group were significantly decreased (P<0.05), while SOD activity was enhanced (P<0.05). The protein expression of Bcl-2 and Bax in sham operation group was less than that in I/R group (P<0.05), and the protein level of Bax in simvastatin group was significantly lower than that in I/R group (P<0.05), while the protein level of Bcl-2 was increased (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Simvastatin has a protective effect on the myocardium of the rats with renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, and the protective mechanism may be related to the elimination of free radicals by simvastatin, increase in the protein expression of Bcl-2 and decrease in the protein expression of Bax.     

Minocycline postconditioning protects myocardium from ischemia-reperfusion injury through attenuating poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase excessive activation

AIM: To investigate whether minocycline postconditioning protects rat myocardium from ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury through attenuating poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1(PARP-1) excessive activation. METHODS: The left anterior descending coronary artery was ligated for 45 min and then reopened for 2 h to establish the rat model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. The male Wistar rats (n=90) were randomly divided into sham group, I/R group, low-and high-dose minocycline groups, and 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB, PARP inhibitor) group. The myocardial infarct size was measured by Evans blue and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. The morphological changes of the myocardium were observed with HE staining. The cardiomyocyte apoptosis was detected using in situ TDT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL). The level of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) in the serum were measured by ELISA. The content of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) in the reperfused myocardium and peripheral leukocytes were detected by Western blot. RESULTS: Compared with sham group, PAR expression, TNF-α content and IL-1β concentration increased in all other groups. Compared with I/R group, treatment with low and high doses of minocycline and 3-AB significantly reduced the infarct size and myocardial apoptosis. PAR expression, TNF-α content and IL-1β concentration in low-and high-dose minocycline groups and 3-AB group all decreased. No significant difference of the above parameters between high-dose minocycline group and 3-AB group was observed. CONCLUSION: Minocycline postconditioning may attenuate myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by depressing the activation of PARP-1 in cardiomyocytes and peripheral leukocytes in rats.     

Effect of 3-n-butylphthalide pretreatment on structure and function chan-ges of blood brain barrier in rat model of focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury

AIM: To investigate whether pretreatment with 3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) ameliorates blood brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI). METHODS: Male SD rats (n=120, 24 rats in each group) were randomly divided into sham operation group (sham group), model group (IR group), low dose group of NBP pretreatment (NBP I group), medium dose group of NBP pretreatment (NBP II group) and high dose group of NBP pretreatment (NBP III group). The model of CIRI was established by a suture method. After ischemia for 2 h and reperfusion for 24 h, the contents of water and Evans blue (EB) were detected. The pathological changes of the BBB ultrastructure were observed under transmission electron microscope. The protein level of matrix metalloproteinases 9 (MMP-9) was measured by immunohistochemical technique. The mRNA expression of MMP-9 was determined by real-time PCR. RESULTS: After CIRI, the content of water and EB was progressively increased, the BBB was damaged seriously, and the expression of MMP-9 was significantly up-regulated compared with sham group (all P<0.01). Pretreatment with NBP significantly decreased the contents of water and EB, relieved morphological damage of the BBB, and reduced the expression of MMP-9 obviously (all P<0.01). Compared with NBP I group, the changes in NBP II and III group were remarkable (P<0.05), but the difference between NBP II group and NBP III group was not obvious (P＞0.05). CONCLUSION: Pretreatment of 3-n-butylphthalide has preventive effect against cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in the rats, which may be related to decrease the expression of MMP-9 and reduce the permeability of blood brain barrier.     

Protective effects of glutamine pretreatment on occludin protein in rats with intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury

AIM: To determine the effects of glutamine(Gln) pretreatment on occludin protein in the rats with intestinal ischemia-reperfusion(I/R) injury. METHODS: Male Wistar rats(n=30) were randomly divided into 3 groups(n=10):sham group, I/R group and Gln pretreatment group. The rats in Gln pretreatment group were pretreated with Gln at dose of 1 g·kg^-1·d^-1 by orogastric route for 7 d, and those in the other 2 groups were pretreated with the same volume of normal saline. Intestinal I/R was induced by 30-min occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery followed by 24 h of reperfusion. After the operation, the levels of IL-10, IL-2, TNF-α, SOD and MDA were measured. The occludin protein was determined by the methods of immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. RESULTS: The occludin protein level in I/R group was significantly lower than that in sham group and Gln group(P<0.05). The levels of MDA and TNF-α in I/R group were significantly higher than those in sham group and Gln group(P<0.05). The levels of SOD, IL-10 and IL-2 in I/R group were significantly lower than those in sham group and Gln group(P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Glutamine has a protective effect on occludin protein in intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. The mechanism may be rela-ted to oxidative stress response and inflammatory inhibition.