Control of Citrus Green and Blue Molds with Garlic Extracts

Water and ethanol extracts of garlic cloves were applied to artificially inoculated citrus fruits to test their efficacy in the control of Penicillium digitatum and P. italicum, the cause of citrus green and blue mold respectively. Extracts were tested either alone, or in combination with vegetable (sunflower) cooking oil or fruit wax at the rate of (0.1% v/v), using two orange cultivars (Valencia and Shamouti), and grapefruit. Treated fruits were stored at 10±1 °C, and 90–95% relative humidity for 30 days. All concentrations of extracts were more effective than the water control in inhibiting the growth and development of both pathogens, but were not as effective as the fungicide treatment (imazalil 500 ppm + quazatine 1000 ppm). A remarkable increase in the activity of garlic extracts was observed when extracts were mixed with oil. Consequently, the treatment comprising 1% extract plus oil was as effective (100% control) as the fungicide treatment in controlling both green and blue molds on Valencia oranges.     

Induction of Chitinase and β-1,3-Endoglucanase Proteins by UV Irradiation and Wounding in Grapefruit Peel Tissue

UV irradiation enhanced the resistance of grapefruit against the development of green mold décay caused byPenicillium digitatum, the main postharvest pathogen of citrus fruit, and significantly inhibited the fungus’ growth at the fruit wound sites. Immunoblotting analysis using specific citrus chitinase and β-1,3-endoglucanase antibodies, showed that UV irradiation, wounding of the fruit, or a combination of these two treatments, induced the accumulation of a 25 kD chitinase protein in the fruit’s peel tissue. On the other hand, UV irradiation or wounding of the fruit alone was unable to induce the accumulation of 39 and 43 kD β-1,3-endoglucanase proteins, but the combination of the two treatments increased these protein levels. It is suggested that both chitinase and β-1,3-endoglucanase may play a role in the UV-induced resistance of grapefruit againstP. digitatum. Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel. No. 403/99. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting June 3, 1999.     

葡萄柚提取物对红地球葡萄保鲜效果的影响

采用0.01%和0.1%(V/V)两种浓度葡萄柚提取物(GSE)对红地球葡萄进行处理,低温贮藏60天,对其保鲜效果进行了试验研究.结果表明,红地球葡萄经GSE处理可延缓相关微生物病害的发生,抑制霉菌在果实表面蔓延,同时减少水分蒸发,与对照相比明显地延长了贮藏期,其中0.1%(V/V)GSE保鲜效果最为显著.     

钙处理对葡萄柚果实细胞壁物质代谢及其相关基因表达的影响

【目的】研究采前、 采后钙处理对葡萄柚果实细胞壁组分、 细胞壁降解酶活性变化及其相关基因表达的影响,可为了解钙与果实细胞壁物质代谢之间的关系,揭示钙对果实软化的作用机理,为调控葡萄柚果实膳食纤维含量,提高果实质地品质提供理论依据。【方法】试验于2011年2月至11月在云南省玉溪市葡萄柚果园进行,供试品种为‘里约红’葡萄柚,该品种于2005年嫁接于当地砧木,株行距为3 m×3 m。试验由采前和采后钙处理两部分组成。采前钙处理在幼果初期、 幼果末期、 膨大初期、 膨大末期、 转色期,叶面喷施2% CaCl2; 采后钙处理在果实成熟采后浸于2% CaCl2溶液5 min, 室温贮藏。之后每15天取样一次,每次取10个果实,测定葡萄柚果肉细胞壁组分、 细胞壁降解酶活性及其基因表达量。【结果】随葡萄柚果实后熟软化,紧密结合型果胶(共价结合型果胶)解聚为松散结合型果胶(水溶性果胶、 离子结合型果胶),紧密结合型半纤维素(24% KOH可溶性半纤维素)解聚使其含量下降,而松散结合型半纤维素含量增加(4%KOH可溶性半纤维素)。果实PG、 PME、 Cx、 α-L-Af和β-Gal酶活性及其基因表达量均随果实软化呈不同程度增加。PME活性在果实采收后表现出较高含量,而PG活性在果实贮藏前期急剧增加,其酶基因的表达量与酶活性变化趋势基本一致。Cx、 α-L-Af和β-Gal活性在贮藏中、 后期上升较快,相关酶基因的表达量亦明显增加。钙处理显著地降低果实细胞壁降解酶活性和基因表达水平,其中采后钙处理对α-L-Af和β-Gal活性和基因表达在贮藏中、 后期的调控作用较显著,酶活性和基因表达均维持在较低水平。【结论】外源钙处理降低细胞壁降解酶活性及其基因表达,抑制了细胞壁物质的解聚,采后钙处理对细胞壁物质代谢的调控效果优于采前钙处理。外源钙处理抑制了细胞壁降解酶基因表达水平,降低了细胞壁降解酶活性,减缓了果胶、 半纤维素的解聚,从而达到调控果实膳食纤维含量、 维持果实质地品质、 延长果实货架期寿命的目的。     

红马叙葡萄柚的品种特性及栽培技术

于2005年引进的10 000株红马叙葡萄柚在广西南宁栽培试种,并建立葡萄柚试验示范园。经多年的观察结果表明,该品种第3年开始结果,适应广西南宁的气候条件和土壤特点,具有外观漂亮、丰产优质、经济效益较好、适合本地发展等特点。并初步总结出一套包括建园、定植、肥水管理、整形修剪、果实套袋和主要病虫害防治技术。     

Chemical composition,antioxidant activity and GC-MS analysis of juice and peel oil of grapefruit varieties cultivated in India

Citrus family especially Grapefruit, has attained considerable attention due to the presence of a number of essential components that have cardiovascular and anti-hypertensive properties. The juice and essential oil extracted from eight recently released grapefruit cultivars were used to study physicochemical and antioxidant properties. The total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA) and pH of juice samples extracted from various grapefruit varieties differed significantly. The refractive index, specific gravity and optical rotation values for the oil varied from 1.473 to 1.396, 0.863 to 0.847 and +93 to +86, respectively. The percent 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical activity (% DPPH activity) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) values for grapefruit juice and peel oil varied from 24.06 to 18.79, 2.91 to 1.44 mmol g^–1 and 84.87 to 74.73, 7.76 to 5.73 mmol g^–1, respectively. There were significant differences in physicochemical, antioxidant properties and volatile profiles of extracted juice and oil. The oil exhibited higher DPPH and FRAP values than the juice. Among different components identified which accounted for over 99% of the volatile fraction, limonene, myrcene, and benzopyran were major components in all oil samples.     

连续三年施用麸酸有机复混肥对蜜柚产量、品质及土壤肥力性状的影响

在蜜柚上连续3年施用麸酸有机复混肥或麸酸有机复混肥与化肥不同比例配施,在等养分条件下,其产量均较单施化肥有不同程度的提高,年均增幅为6.0%~12.0%,其中以75%麸酸有机复混肥 25%化肥处理产量最高,同时,配施麸酸有机复混肥的蜜柚裂果率有所下降,而果实Vc、可溶性固形物含量均有不同程度的提高;麸酸有机复混肥与化肥不同比例配施以75%麸酸有机复混肥 25%化肥处理经济效益最高,其3年年均效益较单施化肥提高8.3%,但其土壤速效养分含量相对较低。     

中国主栽葡萄柚果肉酚类物质组成及其抗氧化活性

【目的】对不同品种葡萄柚（Citrus paradis Macfad.）的酚类物质组成及其抗氧化能力进行比较研究,为柑橘育种及葡萄柚资源的利用提供科学依据。【方法】以中国主栽的9个葡萄柚品种为材料,使用高效液相色谱（high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC）法检测分析各品种果肉酚类物质的组成、含量与分布情况,用自由基清除（2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals, DPPH）、铁离子还原（ferricreducing antioxidant power, FRAP）和自由基抗氧化（2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiozoline-6)-sulphonic acid, ABTS）3种方法对各品种果肉提取物的总抗氧化活性进行评价,并使用相关系数法分析抗氧化能力与多酚含量的相关性。【结果】结果表明,供试葡萄柚总酚含量变异范围为6.93-21.18 mg·g^-1 DW,‘四倍体马叙’葡萄柚的总酚含量最高;总黄酮含量变异范围为5.56-23.24 mg·g^-1 DW,‘四倍体马叙’的总黄酮含量最高。葡萄柚中的黄烷酮以柚皮苷和新橙皮苷为主,柚皮苷含量变异范围为1 180.58-3 065.33 μg·g^-1 DW,‘火焰’葡萄柚的柚皮苷含量最高,新橙皮苷含量变异范围为94.05-637.24 μg·g^-1 DW,‘鸡尾’葡萄柚的新橙皮苷含量最高。多甲氧基黄酮以橘皮素为主,其变异范围在0.56-4.66 μg·g^-1 DW之间,‘奥罗勃朗卡’的橘皮素含量最高。酚酸以没食子酸为主,其变异范围为60.42-385.53 μg·g^-1 DW,‘四倍体马叙’没食子酸含量最高。‘鸡尾’含有丰富的圣草次苷（111.23 μg·g^-1 DW）,‘马叙’含有丰富的橙皮苷（130.90 μg·g^-1 DW）,‘火焰’‘瑞红’‘四倍体马叙’和‘红马叙’含有丰富的没食子酸（＞300 μg·g^-1 DW）,‘鸡尾’含有丰富的绿原酸、咖啡酸和阿魏酸。供试葡萄柚的综合抗氧化指数（an overall antioxidant potency composite index, APCI）变异范围大,在36.70-97.50之间,除‘奥罗勃朗卡’和‘鸡尾’外,其他葡萄柚的APCI都比较高（＞80）。柚皮苷、新橙皮苷、橙皮素、川陈皮素、橘皮素和绿原酸与果实抗氧化能力呈显著的正相关关系。【结论】中国主栽的9个葡萄柚品种多酚含量丰富,变异范围大,具有明显的组成和含量特点。柚皮苷、橘皮素和没食子酸是中国主栽葡萄柚的主要多酚类物质,各品种间多酚类物质的含量差异较大,抗氧化能力也有明显差异。‘火焰’‘瑞红’‘四倍体马叙’和‘红马叙’是没食子酸的良好来源,而‘鸡尾’是绿原酸、咖啡酸和阿魏酸的良好来源。总体上,在这些供试葡萄柚品种中,‘粉红汤姆逊’‘马叙’‘火焰’‘瑞红’‘四倍体马叙’和‘红马叙’不仅多酚含量极其丰富,而且抗氧化能力也高,是具有良好开发前景的天然抗氧化剂和保健食品及生物药品基料。     

不同培养基对葡萄柚砧木种子萌发的影响

为了找到柚类砧木苗培育的最佳培养基配方,以曼赛龙柚种子为试验材料,研究不同培养基、不同植物激素对种子萌芽和出苗的影响。结果表明:MS培养基对曼赛龙柚种子发芽率和出苗率比1/5MT、1/2MT、MT培养基及1/5MS、1/2MS培养基更好,出苗率为81.7%,是最适培养基。NAA、6-BA、GA_3均能缩短曼赛龙柚种子萌芽时间,而用100mg·L~(-1) GA_3浸种24h的种子发芽率和出苗率最高,效果最好。     

柚子皮粉去除茶叶浸出液中铝含量的研究

利用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定茶叶浸出液中的铝含量,并通过柚子皮粉与茶叶混合后的浸泡试验考察了柚子皮粉对茶水中铝吸附作用的影响。结果表明,17种茶叶浸出液中铝含量都在安全范围内,柚子皮粉可以有效减少茶叶浸出液中的铝含量。