Osmoregulation in juvenile Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii)

The osmoregulation capabilities of juvenile Siberian sturgeon exposed to three experimental osmolalities (22, 250 and 387 mOsmol kg⁻¹) were studied over a 45-day period. Growth performance, haematological parameters, ion concentrations, gill and spiral valve Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activities, as well as gill and spiral valve histology, were measured. At the end of the period, the plasma osmolality of fish kept in 250 and 387 mOsmol kg⁻¹ was higher than that of fish kept in 22 mOsmol kg⁻¹. Similar trends were observed in electrolyte concentrations. Spiral valve and gill Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity varied with exposure time and environmental salinity. Shortly after being transferred to hyperosmotic media, spiral valve Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity fell, while gill Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity remained constant. At the end of the experiment, gill Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activities in fish kept in isosmotic and hyperosmotic media had increased in comparison to those of the control fish. Moreover, spiral valve Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activities recovered and were similar to those recorded in fish kept in hyposmotic environments. Although some of the morpho-physiological mechanisms were operational in juvenile Siberian sturgeon in their adaptation to hyperosmotic media, fish cannot be considered hyperosmotic regulators as they were unable to maintain their plasma osmolality and electrolyte equilibrium in salinities higher than 250 mOsmol kg⁻¹. This suggests that the culture of juvenile Siberian sturgeon in brackish environments is unlikely to be successful. However, our data indicate that in natural environments, juvenile Siberian sturgeon in migratory populations (Ob and Lena Rivers) would be able to migrate successfully into estuarine brackish grounds with a salinity of up to 9%. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Gill-associated virus and its association with decreased production of Penaeus monodon in Australian prawn farms

Gill‐associated virus (GAV) was found to be associated with decreased prawn, Penaeus monodon, production when prawns from three farms (n = 45 ponds, 1800 prawns) were monitored for GAV over the production season using a graded RT‐nPCR. The grading system used was a visualization of either the outer or inner nested PCR products. Prevalence and loading of GAV were associated with disease severity. Ponds with a higher initial prevalence and a larger increase in GAV load over the production period suffered disease outbreaks. Ponds with low initial prevalence of GAV but a larger increase in prevalence and large increase in load over the production period suffered chronic disease with no disease outbreak identified, yet low production. However, the ponds with moderate to low initial prevalence of GAV with a low increase in prevalence and load of GAV over the production period incurred no disease outbreak and comparatively high production. Ponds with GAV prevalence greater than 75% at 1 month post‐stocking should be considered for termination as they have a high probability (95%) of having a disease outbreak. Emergency harvest when a disease outbreak occurs will significantly limit mortality losses.     

Relationship between soak time and number of enmeshed animals in experimentally lost gill nets

In order to determine the effects of ghost fishing by lost gill nets, the relationship was examined between soak time and number of enmeshed animals in experimentally lost gill nets by using diving observations. Two experimental gill nets were set at 13 m depth in Tateyama Bay, Chiba Prefecture, Japan for approximately 200 days. One gill net was deployed in a small trough surrounded by artificial reefs, and the other was deployed on an adjacent open sandy bed. Twelve species of crustaceans, six species of gastropods, and five species of bony fish were enmeshed in the experimental gill nets. The number of enmeshed animals in the artificial reef gill net was substantially larger than that in the sandy bed gill net. The number of enmeshed animals in the experimental gill nets increased rapidly within one month after deployment, and then declined gradually showing fluctuations caused by the decrease in newly enmeshed animals, and the drop off from gill nets caused by the decomposition of dead animals. The decrease in the number of enmeshed animals was expressed by logarithmic equations, and based on these equations, the duration of capture function for the lost gill nets was calculated to be 284–561 days in the artificial reef gill net and 200 days in the sandy bed gill net. The duration of capture function for the lost gill nets for non-commercial by-catch species such as small crustaceans and gastropods was longer than for commercial species such as Japanese spiny lobster and bony fish.     

Effects of ambient ion concentrations on gill ATPases in fresh water eel,Anguilla anguilla

Branchial activities of Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase (ouabain sensitive), Mg²⁺ ATPase (ouabain insensitive) and kinetic analysis of high and low affinity Ca²⁺ ATPase were measured inAnguilla anguilla that had been acclimated to demineralized water (DW, Ca < 10 M), freshwater (FW, Ca = 2 mM), and Low calcium freshwater (L-Ca, Ca = 0.9 mM). Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase activity decreased while ouabain insensitive activity increased when ambient Ca²⁺ decreased. Two kinetic forms of Ca²⁺ ATPase could be resolved in each environmental condition. The stimulation coefficients of both sites or enzymes were not affected by ambient Ca²⁺ concentrations. The maximal velocity of both the high and the low affinity Ca²⁺ ATPase was increased when external Ca²⁺ was decreased during acclimation. The low affinity Ca²⁺ ATPase and the Mg²⁺ stimulated enzyme could be a non specific enzyme accepting either Ca²⁺ or Mg²⁺. Results are compared with previous results in the literature and in relation to the branchial morphology and ionic exchanges in fish.     

Immunohistochemical study on changes in gill Na+/K+-ATPase α-subunit during smoltification in the wild masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou

Changes in immunoreactivity of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase -subunit in gill sections of wild masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) during the parr-smolt transformation (smoltification) were compared with changes in gill Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase specific activity. Gill Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase specific activity increased from April and peaked in May. Immunohistochemical analysis, using an antiserum against a synthetic oligopeptide based on the conserved region of the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase -subunit, revealed that immunoreactivity was confined to chloride cells in the surface layer of primary lamellae and the proximal end of secondary lamellae. The size and number of these cells increased gradually from February to May; however, the number of chloride cells of the secondary lamellae decreased in May. These data suggest that the synthesis of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase and the proliferation of chloride cells occur prior to the elevation of enzyme activity. Moreover, it is likely the proliferation and hypertrophy of chloride cells on primary lamellae prepare smolts for entry into seawater and migration in the ocean.     

浅色黄姑鱼鳃结构及其呼吸面积的研究

应用扫描电镜技术对体重范围在4.75～35.51g的浅色黄姑鱼（Nibea coibor）鳃结构及鳃小片进行了观察与呼吸面积计算,研究体重、体长与呼吸面积之间的相关关系。结果表明,浅色黄姑鱼的平均相对呼吸面积为4.01±1.62cm^2·g^-1。体重与一侧鳃丝总数的相关性N=28.81＋158.45lnW（R^2=0.9670,P〈0.01）较体长与一侧鳃丝总数的相关性N=17.31L^1.4542（R^2=0.8241,P〈0.01）更为显著。单位mm鳃小片的数目随着体重的不断增加显著减少,N=49.971W^-0.3909（P〈0.01）。单个鳃小片的面积随体重的增大而显著增加,a=0.3199W^0.2528（P〈0.01）。总呼吸面积随体重的增大而显著增加,A=11.559W^0.7109（P〈0.01）。相对呼吸面积随体重的增大而显著减小,RA=11.561W^-0.2904（P〈0.01）。     

盐度突变对凡纳滨对虾组织碳酸酐酶活性的影响

采用改进的△pH法检测凡纳滨对虾组织碳酸酐酶活性,监测了环境盐度从5突变到25后对虾鳃和触角腺组织碳酸酐酶活性及其血淋巴渗透浓度的动态变化。结果表明:(1)鳃组织碳酸酐酶活性在盐度突变后4 d内没有显著变化,活性水平在(21.68±1.25)μmol CO2/(mg.min),第5~11天有显著性的增高现象,在第10天活性最高,为(43.03±2.82)μmol CO2/(mg.min),第12天回落至起始水平;(2)触角腺碳酸酐酶活性动态变化的模式与鳃相似,起始增高时间比鳃晚6 d;(3)触角腺碳酸酐酶活性显著增高起始的时间与鳃组织碳酸酐酶活性开始显著下降的时间有关联性;(4)在低盐度时,凡纳滨对虾属于强高渗调变生物。     

氯氰菊酯对鲤鱼亚急性毒性研究

采用室内饲养方法,研究氯氰菊酯杀虫剂对鲤鱼的亚急性毒性效应。鲤鱼幼鱼经急性毒性试验和0、0.28、0.58、1.14μg·L-1氯氰菊酯暴露35d后,测定生长指标并对鳃组织病理切片进行观察。结果表明,氯氰菊酯对鲤鱼幼鱼的96hLC50为12.6μg·L-1;在1.14μg·L-1浓度组,可以明显地观察到氯氰菊酯对鲤鱼生长的抑制作用,在0.58和1.14μg·L-1浓度组,可以观察到鳃组织有明显损伤。因此氯氰菊酯对鲤鱼的最大允许浓度为0.28～0.58μg·L-1。     

斑节对虾鳃Na~ /K~ -ATPase的活性

研究了培养介质的Na 、K 和Mg2 浓度、Na ∶K 比、pH值、培养温度以及培养时间和底物ATP -Na2量对斑节对虾鳃Na /K ATPase活性的影响。培养介质中Na 浓度为 5 0～ 10 0mM、K 浓度为 2 5～ 30mM、Mg2 浓度为 8～ 2 0mM、Na ∶K 比在 10∶1～ 2∶1、pH 7.0～ 7.5时 ,Na /K ATPase活性较高 ,Na /K ATPase活性随着培养温度升高而增大。Na /K ATPase反应时释放出的无机磷 (Pi)累积量与培养时间呈直线性增加。底物ATP Na2 浓度达到 1.0 4mM时 ,Na /K ATPase活性达到最高 ,随着ATP Na2 量的增多 ,Na /K ATPase活性并未增大     

多种接种途径对草鱼细菌性烂鳃和肠炎病的免疫预防效果

将柱状嗜纤维菌（Ｃｙｔｏｐｈａｇａｃｏｌｕｍｎａｒｉｓ）和点状气单胞菌（Ａｅｒｏｍｏｎａｓｐｕｎｃｔａｔａ）分别制成酚灭活菌苗（ＰＫＣ）和提取其菌体脂多糖（ＬＰＳ），采用浸泡加注射和口服加浸泡的多种接种途径，对草鱼免疫接种４周后，测定受免鱼血清中凝集抗体效价。无论是浸泡加注射还是口服加浸泡的免疫应答均较对照鱼有明显上升，对活菌攻毒的免疫保护率也达到了５０％～８８．９％。证明了多种接种途径免疫预防草鱼的细菌性烂鳃和肠炎病的效果是明显的。