植保无人机昼夜作业的雾滴沉积特性及棉蚜防效对比

针对无人机在棉蚜防治过程中夜间作业雾滴沉积特性和防效未知、目标喷洒区域雾滴沉积规律不明确等问题,该研究采用P20植保无人机进行棉蚜防治试验,对比了无人机白天和夜间作业时棉花植株不同部位的雾滴沉积规律及棉蚜防效,以常规喷杆喷雾机和喷枪为对照。结果表明,无人机白天和夜间作业的雾滴沉积数量及覆盖率差异显著,相同作业参数下,夜间作业的雾滴沉积数量平均比白天多42.82%,覆盖率平均比白天增加51.04%;夜间作业的雾滴穿透性较好,棉花植株的中下层及叶片背面雾滴沉积数量均多于白天。夜间作业时,棉花植株中、下层的雾滴沉积数量平均占垂直方向上雾滴总数量的比例分别为34.79%和22.07%,白天平均占33.27%和21.89%,喷枪为29.50%和19.98%,喷杆喷雾机为43.30%和15.84%;无人机夜间作业的叶片背面雾滴沉积数量平均占正反面总雾滴沉积数量的19.80%,白天作业占14.18%,夜间比白天多39.63%,各层叶片背面的雾滴沉积数量表现为上层下层中层;总体上,无人机作业的叶片背面雾滴沉积数量比例不超过25%,喷枪及喷杆喷雾机作业的叶片背面雾滴数量少,分别占7.09%和0.20%;在棉花花铃期和蕾期作业时,为提高雾滴沉积数量和雾滴穿透性,建议将无人机作业参数设置为飞行高度1.5～2 m,飞行速度3～4 m/s,选用较大的喷洒量,因为只有无人机下压风场不削弱、雾滴不大量损失的前提下,旋翼风场才能有效促进雾滴穿透性。就雾滴沉积数量和棉蚜防效关系而言,药后第1天棉蚜减退率与叶片背面雾滴沉积数量呈正相关关系,因受天敌影响药后第10天二者关联性不高。试验表明,无人机夜间作业更有利于棉蚜防治,其防效显著优于白天作业和其他2种常规设备,且农药剂量减少20%对棉蚜防效无显著影响。该研究结果可为植保无人机作业参数的合理设置提供参考,为棉蚜有效防控提供科学依据。     

播期对麦(油)后直播棉产量、品质及氮磷钾利用的影响

为明确长江流域下游棉区麦(油)后直播棉生产的适宜播期,本研究以?中棉所50‘为材料,于2017—2018年进行大田试验,研究不同播期(5月15日、5月25日、6月4日、6月14日和6月24日)对直播棉产量、品质及养分利用的影响。结果表明,播期推迟,棉花生育进程推迟;花铃期日均温和日照时数降低、有效积温先升高后降低且以6月4日播期花铃期有效积温最高。可见,前3个播期棉花花铃期温光条件较好。棉株与生殖器官的生物量及氮磷钾累积量随播期推迟降低,且前3个播期的棉株生物量和养分累积进入较高速率累积期早于后2个播期的棉株。随着播期的推迟,直播棉成铃数与皮棉产量显著降低。与5月15日播期相比,其余4个播期直播棉的皮棉产量分别降低15.9%～16.9%、13.1%～16.9%、26.9%～33.5%、58.2～62.0%。100kg皮棉氮、磷和钾吸收量随播期推迟而增加,但养分利用效率降低。不同播期间,以6月4日和6月14日播期棉纤维综合品质较优。综上,本试验条件下,5月15日—6月4日是长江流域棉区麦(油)后直播棉获得较高产量的适宜播期,该播期内适当推迟播种有利于棉花优质纤维的形成。     

Development and Application of Cotton InDel Markers Based on High Throughput Sequencing

[Objective] Dimorphic InDel markers can be used for cotton variety identification and purity detection, to improve the accuracy and efficiency of cotton seed testing, and to play a role in molecular breeding of cotton. [Method] Based on the whole genome sequencing of 121 cotton varieties from different sources, the InDel markers with high polymorphism were developed according to polymorphism information content(PIC) and were applied in the genetic distance analysis and cluster analysis by using 66 cotton varieties in China. [Result] Totally 10 967 InDel were identified based on the next generation sequencing data of 121 cotton varieties. Among the 85 pairs of InDel primers synthesized, 64 were selected including 35 from At group and 29 from Dt group. The minimum average allelic frequency(MAF) of At and Dt chromosomes were 0.45 and 0.32, respectively, while the PIC were 0.49 and 0.40, respectively. The genetic distances of the 66 cotton varieties ranged from 0.04 to 0.65 centimorgan (cM), with an average of 0.39 cM. The two varieties with the largest genetic distance were Simian 3 and CCRI 36, and the two varieties with the smallest genetic distance were Xumian 18 and Xuza 3. [Conclusion] The 64 cotton dimorphic InDel markers can effectively reveal the relationships among varieties based on the genetic distance, and distinguish cotton varieties from different sources, which has certain theoretical significance and application value.     

棉田土壤养分分析与土壤墒情监测系统应用

【目的】研究土壤养分的空间变异程度及分布规律,为该区域科学施肥提供依据。【方法】以新疆生产建设兵团第八师石河子总场六分场数字农业示范田为研究区域,应用土壤墒情监测系统、GIS与地统计学的方法,对棉田土壤含水量与温度进行实时采集、分析并存储在服务器里面,分析石河子总场土壤含水量和温度变化规律、棉田土壤养分空间分布特点及变异规律。【结果】(1)根据监测数据分析,随着灌水量增加和棉花生育期推进,上层0~30 cm比下层40~60 cm的土壤含水量变化趋势明显。0~20 cm土层土壤补偿水比较充分,各个监测点土壤含水量基本维持在比较适宜的范围内。土壤各层温度受大气温度影响并随着土层深度的加深而减弱,随着土层深度的逐渐加深滞后时间相对延长;受棉株逐渐长高变大以后遮阴等造成的影响,7月以后各土层温度逐渐持平,波动不大。(2)土壤全氮、速效磷和速效钾均呈现出中等程度变异;(3)土壤速效钾的块金值在25%~75%(块金值为0.497)表现为中等空间自相关性外,土壤全氮、速效磷指标的块金系数小于25%表现为强烈的空间自相关性。【结论】应用土壤墒情实时监测系统指导棉田灌溉,较往年没有任何减产减质的情况下,棉花灌溉在全生育期内比以往灌溉次数下降了1~3次,节约水资源约20%左右。研究区域内土壤全氮、速效磷和速效钾变异呈现中等程度变异特征,全氮、速效磷表现为极强空间自相关性,速效钾表现为中等强度的空间相关性。     

棉秆隔层对土壤水分入渗及水盐分布的影响研究

采用室内土柱实验,研究了裸地、棉秆隔层表层放置、棉秆隔层15cm、30cm、45cm和60cm处放置6个处理的土壤入渗特征及入渗后土壤水盐分布,以期对盐碱地改良提供依据。结果表明：棉秆隔层的设置降低了土壤入渗速率和累积入渗量,有利于棉秆隔层以上盐分的淋洗；秸秆隔层的设置降低土壤水分的蒸发,有利于隔层以下土壤水分的保持；各处理盐分均出现表聚,其中秸秆表层覆盖盐分表聚最小。     

江汉平原植棉区春玉米与短季棉套作的种植表现

为探索适宜江汉平原植棉区监利县旱地作物高产高效种植模式,开展了春玉米与短季棉套种模式示范试验。结果表明:春玉米与短季棉套种模式达到了玉米和棉花双丰收的高产效果,经济收益为33000元/hm^2左右,明显高于玉米和棉花的单作收益,是旱地作物结构调整的较好模式。     

起垄沟播和常规平播下滴灌棉田土壤水盐的运移

为明确滴灌条件下植棉方式对土壤水盐运移的影响，采用田间调查与室内分析相结合的方法，在滨海重度盐碱地开展了起垄沟播和常规平播植棉方式下的水盐运移试验，调查了滴灌前后两种植棉方式不同点位及不同土壤深度的土壤水分、盐分和土壤溶液电导率等指标，分析不同植棉方式土壤水分、盐分和土壤溶液电导率的时空分布特征。结果表明：滴灌条件下起垄沟播的水分入渗深度和盐分淋洗深度均明显大于常规平播植棉方式，起垄沟播植棉膜下(0~20 cm)土壤溶液电导率明显低于常规平播植棉；滴灌对两种种植方式膜外土壤水分和盐分运移未产生明显影响。起垄沟播联合滴灌技术更有利于为棉花生长的水盐环境。研究结果可为盐碱地植棉提供理论参考和实践依据。     

Weed community responses to soil type during transition to no-till practice on smallholder farms in Zimbabwe

Understanding drivers of weed density and diversity is essential for the development of weed management strategies. Here, we compared temporal changes in weed density and diversity under no-till (NT) and conventional (CONV) tillage systems in cotton–maize rotations on loam, clay loam and sandy loam soils immediately after transition to NT in Kadoma, Zimbabwe. The effect of tillage system on weed density varied through the growth season and was dependent upon soil type and species composition of the weed community. Although weed responses to tillage system varied amongst species, we identified general trend effects on weed density on specific soils. At 3 weeks after crop emergence (WACE), weed density on loam soils was 76% and 96% higher in NT than in CONV during the 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 seasons, respectively, and on clay loam soils it was 37% and 33% higher in NT than CONV, respectively. Weed densities in NT and CONV were similar across all soil types at 6 WACE during the 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 seasons and at 9 WACE in 2009/2010. Tillage system did not affect weed density during the growth season on sandy loam soils. Weed diversity (Shannon index) was at least 75% higher in NT than CONV on loam and clay loam soils at 3 WACE during both seasons. It is likely these increases in weed densities following conversion to NT will exacerbate already prevalent weed management problems in the smallholder sector. Earlier weeding is recommended to suppress weed emergence and reduce likely associated crop yield losses.     

基于无人机遥感的棉花主要生育时期地上生物量估算及验证

利用棉花主要生育时期的无人机近红外影像数据，提取4种不同的植被指数，通过与棉花地上生物量的实测值建立拟合关系，分析了不同植被指数在棉花各生育时期的估算效果并对其进行了验证。结果表明，随棉花生长，归一化植被指数（NDVI）、宽动态植被指数（WDRVI）、比值植被指数（RVI）和差值植被指数（DVI）均从苗期开始显著增加，其后则表现为基本稳定的“饱和”现象，但棉花实测生物量在不同生育期均有显著差异。植被指数与棉花实测生物量的拟合结果显示：NDVI和DVI的二元线性拟合模型对苗期生物量拟合效果最佳（R²=0.84，RMSE=0.13 kg·m^-2）；WDRVI和DVI的二元线性拟合模型对花蕾期生物量拟合效果最佳（R²=0.87，RMSE=0.52 kg·m^-2）；RVI的非线性拟合模型对花铃期生物量拟合效果最佳（R²=0.79，RMSE=0.95 kg·m^-2）；WDRVI和RVI的二元线性拟合模型对盛铃期生物量的拟合效果最佳（R²=0.86，RMSE=0.96 kg·m^-2）。