不同覆盖模式下砂壤土水盐运移特征研究

地表蒸发引起土壤水分的散失是造成盐分表聚的重要原因之一,土壤表层进行覆盖可改变地表结构,从而影响土壤水分蒸发和盐分迁移过程。为了揭示不同覆盖模式的蓄水控盐效果,通过室内模拟试验,研究了不同覆盖模式下土壤水分入渗过程和水盐迁移特征。试验设置无覆盖(CK)、覆砂(S)、覆砂+覆膜(SM)、覆秸秆+覆膜(JM)和覆秸秆+覆砂(JS)5种模式。结果表明:土壤表层进行的不同覆盖处理会降低土壤湿润锋推进速率和水分入渗速率,具有一定的阻渗作用;湿润锋推进距离与时间符合幂函数F=a·t~b,累积入渗量与时间符合Kostiakov入渗公式,湿润锋推进距离与累积入渗量符合线性关系I=K·Z_f+c。土壤表层进行的不同覆盖处理可有效抑制土壤水分蒸发,土壤保水效果为SMJSSJMCK;随土层深度的增加,土壤含水率减小的趋势逐渐减缓。土壤表层进行的不同覆盖处理也可减弱土壤盐分表聚,缩小盐分在土壤中迁移的范围;覆盖处理的土壤盐分主要在0—20cm范围内迁移,CK在0—35cm范围内。综合考虑不同覆盖模式对土壤水分入渗、抑制水分蒸发和减弱盐分表聚效果,认为砂石覆盖模式是较适合西北旱区的覆盖模式。     

月壤采样试验验证机构运动性能研究

为开展月壤采样试验,设计了一种可以实现姿态调整的3自由度并联机构,根据机构运动特点,采用修正的KG(Kutzbach-Grübler)公式计算机构的自由度,利用封闭矢量法求解该机构位置逆解,并建立机构速度、加速度和可操作度性能评价指标。提出一种基于速度性能与可操作度性能为目标,采用多目标遗传算法优化机构结构参数,对优化后的结构参数进行分析,得到该机构工作空间、速度性能、奇异性和可操作度性能。研究表明:动平台姿态α、β在-0.35~0.35 rad时,机构速度性能最好;可操作度性能指标均在[4,5]区间范围内,不会产生奇异位形,有较好的可操作性能,验证该机构能够满足月壤采样试验功能要求,对开展月壤采样试验验证具有一定的实用价值。     

基于高速摄像技术的马铃薯在分离筛上运动特性研究

为了研究马铃薯挖掘机在收获过程中马铃薯在分离筛上的运动特性、改善马铃薯挖掘机工作性能、提高薯土分离效果及降低马铃薯的损伤,采用室内试验和室外试验研究的方法,对马铃薯在分离筛上的运动规律进行研究。利用红外高速摄像技术,采集室内和田间马铃薯在分离筛上的运动情况的数据。利用高速摄像分析软件(TEMA)对采集到的摄像数据进行处理,绘制出马铃薯的分离筛上的加速度时间历程曲线,总结出马铃薯在筛面上的运动规律。最终得出马铃薯在分离筛上的运动特性,为马铃薯收获机的分离筛参数的优化提供参考。     

毛细节水灌溉条件下蔗区土壤水分运移规律研究

毛细节水灌溉作为一种类似滴灌的新型灌溉技术逐渐得到关注。在室内模拟了毛细管水分在蔗区沙土、壤土和黏土中的运移情况。通过室内试验和HYDRUS-3D建模分析表明:土壤类型对土壤各方向入渗有明显的影响,水分运移速度和土壤各方向湿润范围顺序为:沙土壤土黏土;3种土壤含水率等值线变化规律基本一致,同样湿润位置土壤含水率顺序为:黏土壤土沙土。根据毛细管的水分在沙土、壤土和黏土运移规律,提出毛细管在蔗区沙土、壤土和黏土的合理埋深应为40、30和20cm。     

针对悬架运动特性的汽车前悬架优化设计

以某汽车麦弗逊式前悬架作为优化对象,针对悬架运动特性主要需要考虑的车轮定位参数变化情况,运用多体动力学软件ADAMS的多个模块对其进行了分析以及优化处理.对比优化前后曲线能发现,各个车轮定位参数已满足设计要求,使其运动特性得到一定程度改善.该优化方法对同类型悬架有着一定借鉴价值.     

北疆土壤温度变化对滴灌棉田水盐运移规律的影响研究

以北疆常年膜下滴灌棉田为研究对象,分析棉花整个生育过程中土壤温度变化对棉田水盐运移规律的影响,并对灌溉制度进行优化调整。研究结果表明：土壤温度随着气温的升高而升高,降低而降低,气温影响作用随着土壤深度的增加而减弱,滞后时间随着深度的增加而延长;8月份之前,土壤温度自上而下呈递减分布,随着土壤温度的升高,土壤水分扩散率不断增大,土壤持水能力不断降低,造成5～60 cm处土壤含水率降低,而90～150 cm处土壤含水率增高,导致5 cm和90～150 cm处土壤盐分相对增高;8月份之后,随着土壤温度的降低,土壤温度分布发生变化,土壤水分扩散率不断减小,土壤持水能力不断增强,土壤水分蒸腾降低,渗漏减小,各层土壤含水率相对保持较高,各层土壤含盐率相对保持较低;在灌溉定额不变的条件下,在5、6月份相对减小灌水定额,7月和8月份相对减小灌水周期、增加灌水定额,8月之后相对增加灌水周期、减小灌水定额,在生育期末,通过穿插灌水,加大灌水定额,对土壤洗盐、抑盐有着明显的作用。     

Hygroscopic salts support the stomatal penetration of glyphosate and influence its biological efficacy

The objective of this study was to better understand the role of chaotropic and kosmotropic salts in stomatal uptake, a process that occurs in parallel with cuticular penetration and affects the bioefficacy of glyphosate. In Trial 1, salt solutions of kosmotropic (NH₄)₂SO₄ and chaotropic NaClO₃, with or without the organosilicone surfactant, Break‐Thru® S233 (BT), and with or without glyphosate, were prepared. In Trial 2, sodium salts with a kosmotropic‐to‐chaotropic nature (Na₂SO₄, NaCl, NaNO₃ or NaClO₃) and BT were prepared with or without glyphosate. At very high concentrations, the salts of a kosmotropic nature induced a slight decrease in the surface tension, whereas those of a chaotropic nature triggered a significant decrease in the surface tension. Solution droplets were deposited onto the leaves of Viola arvensis and Chenopodium album. The dried deposits were analyzed with an environmental scanning electron microscope. The salts formed structures linking the exterior to the interior of the stomata in the crystalline ([NH₄]₂SO₄) or amorphous (NaClO₃) form. However, the low surface tension alone did not appear to be the unique driving force for stomatal uptake. With glyphosate, amorphous globular structures of glyphosate salt were formed in the Na₂SO₄ (kosmotropic) solution. Differently, the salts of a rather chaotropic nature (NaNO₃ or NaClO₃) formed a colloidal matrix. In general, salt residues were observed over the periclinal cell walls and inside the stomatal chamber. Neither (NH₄)₂SO₄ nor Na₂SO₄ had a significant impact on glyphosate bioefficacy. However, the chaotropic salt, NaNO₃, enhanced the bioefficacy of glyphosate the most, with a performance that was comparable to that of the solution glyphosate + organosilicone surfactant.     

组合式分娩栏对母猪活动和躺卧的影响

为了研究不同型式分娩哺育栏对母猪行为的影响,该试验设计了组合式分娩哺育栏,并进行了饲养试验,同时与普通矩形分娩哺育栏进行了比较。分别记录母猪在哺乳期的采食量以及仔猪的日增质量。在母猪哺乳期的第9、11、14、18天,采用监控设备对8头母猪的行为进行了录像。试验结果表明：组合式和矩形分娩哺育栏内母猪的站立时间分别占各种行为发生时间的22.74%和6.73%,坐立时间分别占2.22%和7.72%,躺卧行为分别占72.50%和84.55%,组合式分娩哺育栏内母猪走动时间占1.13%,矩形分娩哺乳栏内母猪不发生走动行为。组合式分娩哺育栏组母猪的姿势转换次数高于矩形分娩哺育栏组,每天平均数分别为99次和53次。组合式分娩哺育栏组和矩形分娩哺育栏组每头母猪的采食量分别为5.92 kg/d和5.24 kg/d,仔猪日增质量分别为229.93 g/d和224.85 g/d。组合式分娩哺育栏增加了母猪的活动空间,减少了对母猪身体的限制,母猪可以自由的表达各种行为,母猪的活动量增加,提高了母猪的福利状况,母猪的采食量和仔猪的日增质量因此而得到提高,提高了母猪的生产性能。     

Preliminary modelling of sediment production and delivery in the Xihanshui River basin, Gansu, China

This paper outlines an analysis of the spatial distribution of sediment production, delivery and yield in the Xihanshui River basin, South Gansu, China, using the modelling tools of SedNet (Prosser et al., 2001). This model can assess the delivery efficiency to downstream locations, as well as identifying locations with high rates of sediment production. Preliminary model experiments assist understanding of the spatial dynamics of these sediment processes and evaluation of the effectiveness of soil conservation practices since the mid-1980s. Three scenario years (dry, average and wet) from the 1983–2005 record are identified and modelled, and land use and management are represented in the model to reflect known changes since the 1980s. Results show hillslope erosion to be a dominant source of sediment supply, causing the latter to decrease ten-fold between 1984 and 1997/2000. Estimated bank erosion and floodplain deposition rates are sensitive to parameter values, but bank erosion appears less sensitive than hillslope supply to rainfall. The model can be used to assess net changes in floodplain storage; for default parameters, floodplain deposition rates are 25–200 times the rates of bank erosion depending on the climate scenario. Comparing simulation results with measured sediment yields at the three gauging stations indicates encouraging agreement in 2000. In 1984 (the wet year), the model under-predicts, suggesting that additional unmodelled sediment production processes, especially mass movement and gully erosion, may be important in wet years. Mass movement inventory data could close the gap between the high yields measured in the wet scenario year and the estimated yield due to hillslope erosion alone. In 1997 (the dry year), the model over-predicts; this suggests that the land use change parameters required to reflect the effects of conservation may not have been sufficient, implying that conservation has been generally effective, and that evidence of declining sediment yield is not simply a reflection of drier conditions.     

用蒙特卡罗方法计算泵站前池泥沙淤积

为获得较好的流态,泵站前池中常设有整流底坎、导流墩、隔墩,泵站前池内的水流泥沙运动是一种复杂的三维运动。用标准稳态k-ε双方程二阶紊流封闭模型模拟泵站前池三维流场,在全面分析紊流场中泥沙颗粒受力的基础上,建立模拟泥沙颗粒运动的随机游动模型,并用蒙特卡罗直接模拟方法,计算泵站前池的泥沙淤积。实例计算表明,方法能够得到较为合理的泥沙淤积分布形态,且计算直观、简便、灵活。