Agreement between two inertial sensor gait analysis systems for lameness examinations in horses

Gait analysis is gaining popularity for quantification of lameness and 2 commonly used inertial sensor systems assess trunk movement symmetry: can these be used interchangeably in multi‐centre studies? We compared head and pelvic movement symmetry between 2 inertial sensor gait analysis systems in 13 horses equipped simultaneously with the 2 systems. The first system quantified dorsoventral movement in the local reference frame (System A) and the second system global vertical movement (System B). Widths of limits of agreement were calculated employing a well established regression method dealing with systematically changing differences over the range of measured values. Widths of limits of agreement between Systems A and B were narrower for pelvic movement than head movement. For head movement, they ranged from 6.4 to 6.9 mm for in‐hand trot and from 7.3 to 9.7 mm on the lunge and for pelvic movement from 2.5 to 4.4 mm in‐hand and from 3.6 to 5.3 mm on the lunge. Widths of limits of agreement between the 2 investigated inertial sensor gait analysis systems are of comparable magnitude (some equivalent, some marginally higher) to the currently proposed thresholds of 6 mm for head and 3 mm for pelvic movement used in lameness investigations. Differences in measurements with 2 different systems (A and B) obtained from the same horse falling within the reported values should not be seen as a sign of a change in lameness.     

漫灌淋洗暗管排水协同改良滨海盐土水盐时空变化特征

为揭示暗管排水下漫灌淋洗土壤水盐运移规律,改进灌排工程技术,提高灌排改良效果,该文应用Vedernikov入渗方程和Van der Molen淋洗脱盐方程,对滨海盐土灌排改良过程土壤水分入渗、淋洗水量分配、盐分时空变化特征等进行了模拟研究。结果表明,间距分别为3、6、9 m的暗管排水控制区域(0~1.5、0~3、0~4.5 m)田面漫灌稳定入渗强度分别在3.14~4.26、1.19~3.68和0.58~3.55 cm/d之间,排水暗管间距越大的田面土壤入渗强度空间变化也越大。暗管排水下田面漫灌入渗强度的空间变化导致淋洗水量空间分配不均,距暗管越近的区域分配的淋洗水量越多,也导致了土壤淋洗脱盐空间差异明显。漫灌淋洗20 d,间距9 m的暗管排水控制区域(0~4.5 m)仅靠近暗管0~0.6 m宽的区段0~60 cm土层土壤含盐量下降到3.00 g/kg以下,该区段(达到改良目标)仅占暗管排水控制区域面积的13.3%;漫灌淋洗40 d,仅靠近暗管0~1.6 m宽的区段0~60 cm土层土壤含盐量下降到3.00 g/kg以下,该区段(达到改良目标)仅占暗管排水控制区域面积的35.5%;为了使暗管排水控制区域0~60 cm土层土壤含盐量都下降到3.00 g/kg以下,需要漫灌淋洗100 d。完全一致地漫灌淋洗整个区域将导致暗管附近区域土壤过度淋洗,浪费水资源;而距暗管较远区域土壤淋洗不充分,降低淋洗效率。     

振动与波浪二级分离马铃薯收获机改进

针对当前马铃薯机械化收获环节存在的破皮率和伤薯率较高等问题,通过设置振动分离段和波浪分离段、基于振动与波浪二级分离改进了一种马铃薯收获机,并分析了振动与波浪二级分离条件下的分离筛及薯块运动特征。单因素试验表明,收获速度为0.726 m/s时,单位时间内挖掘的薯土混合物较少,易导致薯块疲劳累积损伤,当收获速度为1.167m/s时分离筛的分离负担加大,土壤和杂质分离效率降低,导致明薯率下降;分离筛运行速度从1.52提高至2.80 m/s时,破皮率和伤薯率呈先降低后增大的趋势,但明薯率自99.8%下降至96.4%;振动强度由无振动增加到强烈振动时,明薯率提高3.3%,但破皮率和伤薯率均有较大幅度的增加;峰谷高差自40~40 mm增大到200~200 mm时,明薯率由97.2%升高至99.8%,但其破皮率和伤薯率均有所升高。正交试验表明:破皮率和伤薯率受收获速度和振动强度的影响规律基本一致;收获速度和振动强度对破皮率和伤薯率的影响较显著(P0.05),振动强度和峰谷高差对明薯率的影响较显著(P0.05)。该文为马铃薯收获机的研发优化以及薯土分离效率和收获品质的综合控制提供了技术参考。     

徽州透雕门窗雕刻纹样的视觉评价

以甄选出的16种徽州透雕门窗代表性纹饰作为测试样本(选择依据是根据徽州古民居透雕门窗纹饰出现频率较高,特征较鲜明进行的初步筛选,然后在此基础上根据雕刻主题纹饰进行的分类选择),使用RM6280多道生理信号处理系统进行了眼电生理指标测试。为了测试的合理性,同时对这组图片进行了客观测试。主客观测试结束后根据每组测试数据进行了单项图表评价和综合评价。视觉评价结果显示,受试群体明显偏爱造型简约、抽象、灵动、虚实对比强烈的木雕纹。     

Integrating space and time: a case for phenological context in grazing studies and management

In water-limited landscapes, patterns in primary production are highly variable across space and time. Livestock grazing is a common agricultural practice worldwide and a concern is localized overuse of specific pasture resources that can exacerbate grass losses and soil erosion. On a research ranch in New Mexico with average annual rainfall of 217 mm, we demonstrate with a quantitative approach that annual seasons vary greatly and examine foraging patterns in Angus-Hereford (Bos taurus) cows. We define five seasonal stages based on MODIS NDVI: pre-greenup, greenup, peak green, drydown and dormant, and examine livestock movements in 2008. Daily distance traveled by cows was greater and foraging area expanded during periods with higher precipitation. A regression model including minimum NDVI, rainfall and their interaction explained 81% of the seasonal variation in distance traveled by cows (P<0.01). Cows explored about 81 ha·d⁻¹ while foraging, but tended to explore smaller areas as the pasture became greener (greenup and peak green stages). Cows foraged an average of 9.7 h daily and spent more time foraging with more concentrated search patterns as pastures became greener. Our findings suggest that phenological context can expand the capacity to compare and integrate findings, and facilitate meta-analyses of grazing studies conducted at different locations and times of year.     

白膜、黑膜全年覆盖下的土壤水、热、盐变化

地膜覆盖因能有效地增温保墒增产而在黄土丘陵区旱作农林生产中广泛应用。为明确不同薄膜覆盖的差异以及连续覆膜条件下的土壤水热盐变化特征,于2015年7月1日—2017年6月30日在陕北米脂进行野外连续覆膜定位观测,试验设裸地(CK)、白色薄膜(WF)与黑色薄膜(BF)3种处理,利用GS3仪器监测0～150cm深度的土壤水分、温度和电导率。结果表明:1)连续覆盖两年后,两种覆膜处理平均土壤含水量为16.9%, CK为13.6%,土壤储水量分别达314.56mm、204.44mm,具体表现为土壤含水量BF在0～15cm高于WF(P0.05),15～30cm低于WF(P0.05); 0～150 cm, WF和BF总储水量差异不显著,与CK差异显著(P0.05);在作物生育期覆膜平均较CK提高储水量60.8 mm。2)膜覆盖下近地面日温差WF大于BF, 0～150 cm,两种覆膜周年土壤平均温度无显著差异,较CK高1.3℃(P0.05);气温较高条件下WF比BF、CK缩短冻融时间分别达8d和24d,WF更有利于土壤解冻和早春土壤增温。3)周年土壤表层盐分高,其中0～30 cm土层电导率为BFWFCK, 30～50 cm土层为WFBFCK,但土壤总体盐分较低,无土壤盐渍化趋势, 50 cm以下3种处理盐分没有差异。综合而言, WF较BF更能提高表层土壤温度, BF较WF更能提高表层土壤水分,覆膜保墒增温,延长作物生长时间。研究成果可为黄土丘陵区旱作农业覆膜应用提供土壤水热盐调控依据,也为果园和林地常年连续覆膜提供参考。     

Relationships between individual movement,trophic position and growth of juvenile pike (Esox lucius)

Variation in movement between individuals can have important ecological effects on populations and ecosystems, yet the factors driving differences in movement and their consequences remain poorly understood. Here, individual variability in the movements of juvenile (age 0 +  and 1 +  year) pike Esox lucius was assessed using passive integrated transponder (PIT) telemetry in off‐channel nursery areas over a 26‐ month period. Differences in the movement patterns of individuals were tested against their body sizes, ages, growth rates and trophic positions using data collected through a combination of catch‐and‐release sampling and stable isotope analyses. Results revealed that variation in movement between individuals was affected by age, with 1 +  individuals moving more than individuals of age 0 + , but not length. Individuals whose TP was low on their initial capture event moved significantly less than those with a higher initial TP. Individuals that moved more grew faster and achieved a higher final TP. These results suggest that higher activity (i.e., increased movement) increases resource acquisition that enhances growth rates, which could ultimately maximise individual performances.     

Habitat use and movement patterns of small (age‐0) juvenile Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) relative to the Kuroshio

The habitat use of Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis; PBF) in nursery waters off the southern coast of Japan was investigated using archival tags over a 3 year study period (2012–2015), and the data were used to examine the free‐ranging habitat preferences of PBF and the relationship between their horizontal movements and the path of the Kuroshio off the Pacific coast of Japan. The path of the Kuroshio fluctuated seasonally, leading to changes in water temperature that strongly influenced the habitat use of small PBF (2–3 months after hatching). Most PBF were present in coastal waters inshore of the path of the current, and their habitat use changed in response to the distance of the current from the coast. The Kuroshio typically flowed along the coast from summer to autumn, and PBF remained in the coastal waters off Kochi Prefecture during this period. In contrast, PBF quickly moved eastward in winter when the current moved away from the coast. Throughout the winter and spring, the area of habitat use extended widely from the eastern end of the southern coast of Japan (the Boso Peninsula) to the offshore Kuroshio‐Oyashio transition region. These findings suggest that the seasonal habitat use and movement behavior of juvenile PBF are influenced by the distance of the Kuroshio axis from the coast, and the ultimate drivers are likely variations in oceanographic conditions and prey availability along the southern coast of Japan.     

枇杷花茶水提物消炎与促进小肠运动作用的研究

研究了贵妃枇杷茶水提取物(WGFT)对干预炎症及对小肠推进功能的影响。结果表明,与正常对照组相比,不同剂量组WGFT均能降低大鼠棉球肉芽肿的干重,其中高剂量组和中剂量组棉球肉芽的干重分别降低39.98%(P0.01)、40.02%(P0.01),低剂量组降低31.98%(P0.05)。高剂量组WGFT和中剂量组WGFT小鼠耳肿胀度与正常对照度相比明显减少,其中高剂量组的小鼠耳肿胀度降低30.55%(P0.01),中剂量组降低23.47%(P0.05)。研究还显示高剂量组WGFT和中剂量组WGFT对试验小鼠的肠推进率分别比模型对照组提高了87.19%(P0.01)、68.87%(P0.01)。研究证实贵妃枇杷花茶具有显著的干预急性炎症的作用,还能明显促进模型小鼠小肠运动能力,为后续枇杷花的开发利用提供理论支持。     

黄河乌兰布和沙漠段沿岸沙丘形态及其运移特征

为更合理、精确地计算黄河乌兰布和沙漠段的入黄沙量,探明其对黄河沿岸植被造成的影响程度,以黄河乌兰布和沙漠段沿岸沙丘为研究对象,通过野外地貌调查、沙丘形态测量和遥感解译对其沙丘的形态特征及其运移特征进行了系统研究。结果表明:乌兰布和沙漠沿黄段沙丘以走向西南—东北的新月型沙丘和新月型沙丘链为主,沙丘剖面形态不对称,具有明显落沙坡;在发育过程中同时受到了西南风和西北风的显著影响,5年内以沙丘整体向河道推进为主,共移动19.45m,具有单向快速运移的特点,且沙丘不断向黄河侵袭,应采取措施予以遏制。