Habitat loss, Fragmentation, and Alteration – Quantifying the Impactof Land-use Changes on a Spanish Dehesa Landscape by Use of Aerial Photography and GIS

Mediterranean agroforestry landscapes, dehesas, experience significant structural changes that affect their ability to support habitats for a rich biodiversity. The goal of this study is to provide quantitative information on loss, fragmentation, and alteration of holm oak (Quercus ilex) stands over a 42-year period, based on two sites in the lowlands of Cáceres province, Spain. Aerial photography and orthoimages from 1956, 1984, and 1998 were processed in a geographic information system (GIS). Important changes in demography and land-use were rural depopulation, abandonment of traditional agricultural activities, and a sharp increase in livestock stocking levels. These were related to intensification and extensification of land-uses determined by national and EU agricultural policies. Results of the land cover analysis indicated that dehesas suffered an annual 0.27% and 0.04% decrease in cover in the two sites. From 1984 loss rate had markedly accelerated (0.83% and 0.30%). Most dehesas were lost by shrub encroachment or conversion to open grassland. Fragmentation through roads increased by 28% and 45%, while rural buildings decreased by 17% and 50% from 1956 to 1998. Mean tree density decreased from 1956 to 1984, but a recovery was found since 1984. Significant factors determining stand densities in most time points were altitude (related with different land-uses and geological substrates), ownership, and proximity to villages. This suggests that stand structure is controlled both by human interventions and ecological settings. The findings support the view that opposite trends of land abandonment and intensification of land-uses arise in most northern Mediterranean countries as an effect of the EU Common Agricultural Policy.     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒感染对猪肺泡巨噬细胞外源性抗原加工递呈相关分子和共刺激分子的影响

采用定量竞争PCR技术对猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV）感染后不同时相猪肺泡巨噬细胞（PAM）中外源性抗原加工递呈相关分子SLA-DR、Ii链和SLA-DM分子及共刺激分子CD40、CD80、CD86的mRNA转录动态进行了定量检测。结果表明,PRRSV感染后PAM的SLA-DR mRNA转录水平在3、7和14 d下调,低于对照组;感染后3 d,Ii链、SLA-DM和CD40的mRNA转录水平极显著下调（P〈0.01）;CD80和CD86mRNA转录水平也在感染后3 d明显下调（P〈0.05）。用流式细胞术检测PAM表面的SLA-DR抗原的结果表明,在感染后3 d短暂上升,7 d之后一直低于对照组。由此说明,PRRSV感染早期对猪肺泡巨噬细胞的外源性抗原加工和递呈功能产生显著影响,导致其外源性抗原递呈功能下降,进而影响机体的体液免疫应答。     

基于计算机视觉技术的玉米叶绿素含量检测研究

植株叶片中叶绿素浓度的高低与植株进行的光合作用效率、植株的整体生长状况息息相关,在农业生产过程中,常常根据叶片中叶绿素含量(SPAD)的多少来精确的判断植物的生长状态,也是控制植株长势的依据。传统的叶绿素含量检测方式分光光度法,存在耗时长、步骤多、操作要求高等问题,而采用计算机视觉技术处理图像的过程更加准确、高效,不会像人眼分析时受到主观因素的影响导致偏差。为此,基于计算机视觉技术来检测玉米叶片中叶绿素含量,利用扫描仪采集玉米叶片的图像,将图像输送至计算机,然后通过软件处理图像,分割出图像中有效像素的颜色特征值,将特征值转换就可以得到玉米叶片中叶绿素。试验结果显示:利用计算机视觉技术可以准确地测定玉米叶片中叶绿素含量,进而进行合理施肥,避免浪费,对增加玉米的产量具有极大的价值。     

沉降观测数据处理及绘图一体化程序开发与应用

指出了随着测绘科学与技术的发展,电子水准仪应用到越来越多的高层建筑和地下工程等项目建设的沉降观测工作中,一套比较完整的沉降观测数据处理及绘图一体化程序可以改变传统的外业作业及内业人工数据处理和绘图方法。因此,开发沉降观测数据处理及绘图一体化程序具有重大的现实意义。     

Collection,Analysis, and Utilization of Biogas from Anaerobic Treatment of Crab Processing Waters

Abstract

Two laboratory-scale, upflow anaerobic reactors were constructed to treat blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) cooking wastewater for determination of the volume and composition of the resulting bio-gas. Both systems (A and B) consisted of two 4-liter (L) upflow anaerobic reactors and one 8-L aerobic reactor in series. The first anaerobic reactor of System A contained 240,12.7 mm foam cubes, while the first anaerobic reactor of System B contained 180 foam pieces (25.4 ×25.4 ×12.7 mm). Biogas production rates for System A ranged from 6.6 L gas/L feed to 10.0 L gas/L feed. Mean values for System B ranged from 7.1 L gas/L feed to 11.9 L gas/L feed. Methane and carbon dioxide comprised 68% and 28%, respectively, of the gas from both systems. Hydrogen sulfide averaged 1.5% and 1.4% for systems A and B, respectively. A pilot-scale biogas collection and utilization system was also constructed and successfully demonstrated. Details of the pilot-scale system design are provided in the paper to help processors better understand how the technology might be applied.     

“龙江清酒”的加工与营销策略

为研制并开发地产新饮品，以黑龙江地产稻米为原料，采取制酒的工艺流程，研制香气独特的龙江清酒。提出了龙江清酒的加工工艺及技术要点，并策划了该产品的营销策略。加工工艺关键是筛选优良的酒曲霉菌和特定酵母菌、优化制曲工艺和发酵工艺条件等；营销关键是打品牌、强宣传、重营销。     

关于推进西双版纳天然橡胶初加工行业标准化管理的对策分析

分析了西双版纳天然橡胶制胶行业现状和行业标准化管理水平滞后的原因,提出了加快制胶行业标准化管理进程意见和措施。     

粮油食品工艺学课程教学改革探索

粮油食品工艺学是一门理论和实践并重的技术课程,通过教学改革与实践,探讨了改进课堂教学和优化实践环节的方法和成效。     

滴灌施肥对加工番茄产量和品质的影响

为了寻求滴灌施肥条件下连作加工番茄持续优质高产平衡施肥方案,以番茄为材料,采用"3414"优化试验方法,分析了滴灌平衡施肥对加工番茄生长发育、产量和品质的影响。结果表明,滴灌施肥条件下,增施氮、磷、钾肥和配施微肥明显促进番茄生长发育;增磷和配施微肥显著提高产投比,实现增收;增氮、增钾的增产效果不显著,但减氮、减钾显著降低了产量;增钾、配施微肥显著提高加工番茄品质,尤其在提高番茄糖酸比,降低硝酸盐量积累,促进可溶性固形物的形成及改良色差等方面成效显著。滴灌施肥条件下,增施磷、钾肥,配施微肥对连作加工番茄具有显著的增产提质作用。     

中国图像工程:2015

目的 本文是关于中国图像工程的年度文献综述系列之二十一。为了使国内广大从事图像工程研究和图像技术应用的科技人员能够较全面地了解国内图像工程研究和发展的现状,能够方便地查询有关文献,且向期刊编者和作者提供有用的参考,对2015年度图像工程重要文献进行了综述分析。方法 从2015年在国内15种有关图像工程重要中文期刊的共148期上所发表的2975篇学术研究和技术应用文献中,选取出723篇属于图像工程领域的文献,并根据各文献的主要内容将其分别归入图像处理,图像分析,图像理解,技术应用和综述5个大类,然后进一步分入23个专业小类(与前10年相同),并在此基础上分别进行了各期刊各类文献的统计和分析。结果 根据对2015年统计数据的分析可看出:图像分析正得到最多关注,目标跟踪的文献数量有明显增加,图像分割和边缘检测仍然是研究重点,图像匹配融合及其在遥感测绘等的应用再次成为热点。结论 我国图像工程的2015年研究深度和广度仍在提高和扩大,保持了快速进展的势头。