Characterization and Selection of Phosphorus Deficiency Tolerant Rice Genotypes in Sri Lanka

Phosphorus（P） deficiency in soil is a major constrain for rice production. An important set of rice genotypes（landraces, old improved and new improved varieties） were screened for P deficiency tolerance in two major cropping seasons of Sri Lanka, in 2012. The Ultisol soil, which was collected from a plot cultivated with rice without fertilizer application for past 40 years（P₀） at the Rice Research and Development Institute（RRDI）, Bathalagoda, Sri Lanka, was used as the potting medium for greenhouse trials. Two field trials were conducted in the same plots at RRDI. Both P₀ and P₃₀（30 mg/kg P₂O₅） conditions were used in the two greenhouse trials. At the early vegetative（three weeks after transplanting）, late vegetative（six weeks after transplanting） and flowering stages, plant height and number of tillers per plant were recorded. At the flowering stage, shoots were harvested and shoot dry weight, shoot P concentration, shoot P uptake and P utilization efficiency were measured. All data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance, regression and cluster procedures. The measured parameters were significantly different between P₀ and P₃₀ conditions（P < 0.05）. Higher shoot dry weight was reported by the rice genotypes H4 and Marss under P₀ conditions. The regression analysis between shoot dry weight and P utilization efficiency revealed that the studied rice genotypes could be categorized to three P deficiency tolerance classes. A total of 13 genotypes could be considered as highly tolerant and 4 genotypes as sensitive for P deficiency. These results could be used to select parental genotypes for breeding and genetic studies and also to select interesting varieties or landraces for organic rice production.     

‘嘎啦’苹果花药培养种质创新

【目的】单倍体花药离体培养是农作物包括果树育种中种质资源创新的最有效方法之一,苹果是染色体高度杂合且自交不亲和树种之一。在当前苹果主栽品种中,‘嘎啦’具有早熟、丰产、稳产、多抗的优良性状,是苹果育种的重要种质资源之一。花药单倍体育种也是苹果新品种培育的重要手段。本研究通过‘嘎啦’苹果花药培养诱导胚状体并获得纯合再生植株,为创制新的纯合体种质资源,加速苹果新品种培育进程提供材料。【方法】采集‘嘎啦’苹果单核靠边期到双核早期的花药(未开放的花蕾),低温处理后进行离体培养,经胚状体诱导,分化培养形成再生苗,再经生根培养获得花药再生植株。之后利用FACS流式细胞仪对再生植株进行倍性分析。取再生植株叶片分离DNA,选用80个来源于苹果HIDRAS数据库的SSR标记对所有植株进行PCR扩增,经过凝胶电泳和荧光毛细管电泳鉴定再生植株纯合基因型。移栽成活后,对每个再生株系进行形态学特征观察及统计分析。【结果】过去3年中,共接种的74 200个‘嘎啦’花药,从未被污染的5万多个花药中成功诱导形成386个胚状体(胚状体诱导率0.7%),经分化培养获得64株再生苗(植株再生率16.6%),最终经生根培养、移栽获得30个成活再生株系。其中包括28个二倍体株系,1个单倍体株系和1个四倍体株系。SSR标记用于纯合性鉴定,PAGE结果表明再生株系均为花粉(小孢子)单倍体细胞来源。为了鉴定这些再生植株基因型,从80个SSR中筛选出17个SSR标记(其余SSR标记不具有多态性或带型杂乱)对所获得的30个再生株系进行基因型鉴定。17个SSR标记所对应的PCR扩增物能有效区分鉴定不同再生植株基因型。继代培养60 d后的形态学观察显示不同再生株系的株高、叶长、叶宽等特征差异明显。不同二倍体纯合植株的植物学特征也存在差异:Gala 5植株相对较高,叶基变宽,叶尖渐尖;Gala 7叶片变小、变厚,叶柄变短且基部宽大,叶色深且有很强的光泽度;Gala 18叶片较小,叶数较多。纯合二倍体再生植株长势弱于‘嘎啦’杂合供体,但强于单倍体和纯合四倍体。【结论】采用优化花药培养技术,成功获得了一批苹果纯合体再生植株种质并建立了SSR标记鉴定体系。这些新的种质很大程度丰富了苹果育种亲本种质资源,为挖掘‘嘎啦’苹果优良性状基因提供了重要材料,为后期的田间性状筛选,杂交育种奠定了基础。     

生物质炭对植物表型及其相关基因表达影响的研究进展

【目的】生物质炭研究是近十年农业可持续发展研究的重要前沿领域。作为一种良好的土壤改良剂,生物质炭不仅能改善土壤肥力,而且能够通过改变土壤与植物的相互作用关系影响植物生长发育,最终影响作物的生产力。因此,以植物表型及其相关基因表达为视角的生物质炭研究有助于深入了解生物质炭对土壤和植物效应的作用机理,进一步充实生物质炭的农业应用的理论基础。 主要进展本文回顾了近年来国内外关于生物质炭对植物生长影响的研究,从作物生产力、作物根系生长、作物病虫害和作物基因表达四个方面论述了生物质炭对植物表型和相关基因表达的影响;分析了生物质炭对植物表型及其相关基因表达的可能机理,探讨了生物质炭对植物表型及其相关基因表达研究的不足,提出了未来研究的发展方向。 问题与展望未来生物质炭对植物表型和相关基因表达的研究应注重其系统性和全面性,例如建立规范化的生物质炭试验技术,特别是生物质炭相关标准和数据库的建立,同时应加强生物质炭对转基因作物的影响等方面的研究。     

Phenotypic and Genetic Characterization of Trifolium Rhizobia Isolated from Temperate and Subtropical Regions of China

The clovers that comprise Trifolium genus are naturalized in the subtropical and tropical zones in China.They are valuable bioresources as important green manures and pasture grass,which contribute biologically fixed dinitrogen (N2) and provide nutrition to farming systems.However,there are very few effective strains available for inoculant production and there is little information available about symbiotic rhizobia in Chinese legume clover root nodules.In this study,139 root nodule bacteria were isolated from two clover species (Trifolium repens and Trifolium pretense) growing in the subtropical and temperate regions of China,16S rRNA gene sequence analysis,BOX-PCR,whole cell protein SDS-PAGE,and nodulation tests were performed to characterize these strains.The results showed that phenotypic and genetic diversities among 139 isolates were large,with 83 protein patterns and 66 BOX-AIR profiles,respectively.The rhizobial strains were first divided into two large phenotypic protein groups.The sequencing strains representing the two groups were related to Rhizobium leguminosarum USDA2370T and R.sophorae CCBAU03386T and had 99.6％-100％ similarities.The phylogeny specificity of the rhizobia from clover was elucidated,while showed a large variation in the fingerprints of the phenotypes and genotypes and genetic diversity was high (revealed by Shannon diversity index,H').The rhizobial isolates from subtropical regions,such as Anhui Province,Yunnan Province and Hubei Province,had higher diversities than those from temperate areas,such as Hebei Province and Shanxi Province,which could be used to identify rhizobial strains from clover and screen efficient inoculum strains.A number of diverse rhizobial strains had been identified and a pool of currently available clover rhizobial strains were increased.This would ultimately increase the likelihood of identifying more efficient strains suited for developing a successful inoculation strategy for the production of white clover.     

基因型、环境及其互作对玉米病害、产量与品质的影响

玉米病害、产量和品质的形成是品种遗传特性和环境因素共同作用的结果。以19个玉米品种为材料,分析了不同基因型玉米在不同区域的病害、产量、粗蛋白、粗淀粉、粗脂肪、赖氨酸差异。结果表明：19个玉米品质的稳定性既由基因型控制也受环境互作效应影响。基因型起内因作用;互作作用中玉米种植及生长的时间（播期与生育期等）×区域特征（资源与逆境等）是不同生态区病害、产量、品质差异的主要外因;独立作用中年度间的气候变化对玉米不同生态区病害、产量、品质影响较大,其中气象条件中温度适宜程度、降雨量、湿度与病害（弯孢叶斑病与南方锈病）的发生发展呈正相关,产量与日照呈正相关且系数较大（为0.21）,粗淀粉与日均温呈正相关,粗脂肪与日照呈正相关;不同生态区随着纬度的降低,吐丝后的降雨量增加,玉米病害加重,产量降低。     

The effect of cobalt stress on growth and physiological traits and its association with cobalt accumulation in barley genotypes differing in cobalt tolerance

Cobalt (Co) is beneficial for legume plants and not an essential element for most plants. There is no sufficient information about the effect of Co stress on barley growth. The current experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of different Co levels (25, 50, 75, and 100 µM) on growth and physiological traits of three barley genotypes (B325, J36, and B340) differing in Co tolerance. The results showed that Co stress inhibited plant growth, decreased chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate, and enhanced oxidative stress. However, the effects differed among genotypes, with B325 and B340 being the most and the least affected, respectively. Co stress caused decrease and increase of manganese (Mn) and phosphorus (P) concentrations in both roots and shoots, respectively; iron (Fe) concentration had little change in shoots and a significant decrease in roots. The current results showed a close association of Co tolerance and its accumulation in plant tissues.     

甜椒核心种质资源比较构建研究

构建核心种质可大幅提高种质资源利用效率。以410份甜椒种质资源为材料,基于8个性状表型数据,采用混合线性模型分析方法无偏地预测基因型值,利用马氏距离计算种质间遗传距离,分别采用两种聚类方法(最短距离法和类平均法)和两种取样方法(随机取样法和偏离度取样法),按照25%抽样比率构建甜椒核心种质库。采用均值、方差、极差和变异系数4个指标评价不同取样和聚类构建核心种质库水平。结果表明,最短距离法能极显著增加性状方差和变异系数,明显优于类平均法;偏离度取样法优于随机取样法;基于马氏距离、最短距离法和偏离度取样方法获取的102份甜椒核心种质资源能代表原群体遗传多样性。该研究可为甜椒种质资源有利基因发掘和新品种选育奠定基础。     

Variation in the hyphal growth rate and the virulence of two genotypes of the crayfish plague organism Aphanomyces astaci

Crayfish plague, a devastating disease of freshwater crayfish, is caused by an oomycete organism, Aphanomyces astaci. Currently five genotypes of A. astaci are known, but variable features between the strains or genotypes have not been studied extensively. This study analysed 28 isolates of the As genotype and 25 isolates of the Ps1 genotype and reveals that the radial growth rate is significantly (P < 0.001) different between these two genotypes, although highly variable inside the genotype As. Two Ps1 genotype isolates and two As genotype isolates with different radial growth rates were tested in an infection trial. Clear differences were detected in the development of mortality in the test groups. The representatives of the Ps1 genotype caused total mortality within a short time span. The As genotype isolates were much less virulent. The slow‐growing As isolate showed higher virulence than the As isolate with a high growth capacity. Although slow growth could be one survival strategy of the pathogen, several other mechanisms are involved in the pathogenicity and warrant further studies.     

水稻无花粉型核不育系特优占S育性特征研究

采用经典遗传学方法,对无花粉型核不育系特优占S的育性特征进行了研究。结果表明,特优占S在湖北夏季不育期长,不育期内属无花粉败育型,不育性稳定,可育转换温度在22℃左右,鉴定结果准确可靠,有明显的育性转换过渡期,即育性转换期是从无花粉型、少量花粉且典败、大量花粉且典败、染败、正常染色等逐步过渡的过程,不育期如受到低温的影响,不会直接转化为可育,可以有效避免普通两系杂交种子生产过程中因低温引起的种子纯度降低问题：长时间的低温和短光照条件方可诱导较高的可育性：可恢复性良好,不育性的遗传符合1对隐性核基因的遗传规律。本研究还对生产上利用无花粉型光敏核不育系解决两系杂交稻的难题进行了探索,对特优占S在花粉发育研究和雄性不育的发育研究上的价值进行了讨论。