基因型、环境及其互作对玉米病害、产量与品质的影响

玉米病害、产量和品质的形成是品种遗传特性和环境因素共同作用的结果。以19个玉米品种为材料，分析了不同基因型玉米在不同区域的病害、产量、粗蛋白、粗淀粉、粗脂肪、赖氨酸差异。结果表明：19个玉米品质的稳定性既由基因型控制也受环境互作效应影响。基因型起内因作用；互作作用中玉米种植及生长的时间（播期与生育期等）×区域特征（资源与逆境等）是不同生态区病害、产量、品质差异的主要外因；独立作用中年度间的气候变化对玉米不同生态区病害、产量、品质影响较大，其中气象条件中温度适宜程度、降雨量、湿度与病害（弯孢叶斑病与南方锈病）的发生发展呈正相关，产量与日照呈正相关且系数较大（为0.21），粗淀粉与日均温呈正相关，粗脂肪与日照呈正相关；不同生态区随着纬度的降低，吐丝后的降雨量增加，玉米病害加重，产量降低。

Effects of Genotypes and Environments and Their Interactions on Maize Disease,Yield and Quality

The formation of disease, yield and quality of maize needs the combination of genetic characteristics and environmental factors. In this study, the effects of genotypes, environment and their interaction on seed yield, disease resistance and quality of maize were investigated using 19 maize varieties. The results showed that seed yield, disease resistance and quality were the synergistic results of both heredity properties and environment factors. The stability of maize quality was not only controlled by genotypes, but also influenced by the interaction between genotype and environment. Genotype was the internal factor which determined differences among varieties in different ecotypes for seed yield, disease resistance and maize quality. The main external factors interacting with genotype were corn growth parameters such as planting time (sowing date and growth stage, etc.) × area characteristics (resources and stress, etc.). Among the external factors, the greatest influence on disease, yield and quality of maize in different ecological zones was annual climate variability. While, the temperature, rainfall, and humidity were meteorological conditions positively correlated with disease (bending spore leaf spot and southern rust). The positive correlation of yield with light had the highest coefficient (0.21). Crude starch was positively correlated with average temperature, and crude fat was positively correlated with light. With decreasing latitude in different ecological zones, rainfall tended to increase after the silking stage, aggravating the disease, and reducing yield.