A combined procedure to evaluate the global antioxidant response of bread

Baking is the most representative manufacturing process applied to bread, involving thermal and moisture conditions that facilitate the Maillard reaction (MR) and, at the same time, the destruction-formation of natural-labile and thermally-induced antioxidant compounds respectively. In the present paper, the use of a new approach to measure the Global Antioxidant Response (GAR) of cereal derivatives is proposed: a combination of in vitro digestion – which enables measurement of the bioaccessible fraction – and the QUENCHER, which makes it possible to determine the antioxidant activity of the insoluble fraction, since it is a simple and direct procedure for determining the total antioxidant capacity of solid products. After digestion, the results obtained by the antioxidant assays are up to 20-fold higher than those reported using the standard extraction methods. The non-extractable residue displayed significant antioxidant activity that accounted for up to 17% of the total antioxidant activity. Moreover, the GAR obtained in some of the assays developed was 10–40% higher than the antioxidant activity registered by the QUENCHER procedure in wheat bread, and the difference was even higher in wheat bran bread. Therefore, the use of the GAR approach could avoid underestimation of the antioxidant activity of cereal derivatives.     

Amylolysis of wheat starches. I. Digestion kinetics of starches with varying functional properties

The susceptibility of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) starches to hydrolysis by pancreatic α-amylase in vitro was investigated using a series of 35 starches with slightly enriched amylose content within a narrow range (36–43%), but widely differing functional properties. After 2 h of incubation with α-amylase, native starch granules were digested to different extents, but there were no differences between any of the starches once they were gelatinized. Cooling the starch for 72 h at 4 °C after cooking reduced the susceptibility of all of the starches to enzymic digestion by a similar extent, whereas addition of monopalmitin decreased the digestibility of the starches that contained amylose, but did not affect the digestibility of waxy starches that were also included in the study. Amylopectin chain length distribution of partly digested starch granules displayed increased proportion of short and medium chains and decreased proportion of long chains in comparison to native granules. Separated large (A) and small (B) starch granules from three of the starches differed significantly in their susceptibility to in-vitro digestion. A predictive model of the susceptibility of starch in the different forms was developed from the physico-chemical and functional properties of the starches.     

微波消解ICP-MS法测定植物性食品中15种稀土元素

植物性食品样品经微波消解法处理,采用等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)同时测定其15种稀土元素含量。每个稀土元素选择一个不受同量异位素干扰的同位素89Y、139La、140Ce、141Pr、146Nd、147Sm、151Eu、157Gd、159Tb、163Dy、165Ho、166Er、169Tm、172Yb、175Lu,对于所测元素,校准曲线相关系数r0.999 9回收率均在95.0%～105.0%,相对误差5.0%。该方法准确、简便、快速、灵敏,适用于植物性食品中15种稀土元素的含量测定。     

甲磺酸加替沙星-Al(III)荧光体系的研究及应用

[目的]研究铝（Ⅲ）-甲磺酸加替沙星荧光体系测定微量铝（Ⅲ）方法的建立与应用。[方法]在C6H4CO2HCO2K-NaOH介质中,铝与甲磺酸加替沙星形成络合物使甲磺酸加替沙星的荧光强度（ΔF）显著增敏,由此建立了测定铝的新方法,并研究不同溶液酸度、表面活性剂、甲磺酸加替沙星用量、试剂加入顺序对该体系ΔF的影响。[结果]荧光光谱图显示,该体系的最大激发波长λex=365 nm,最大发射波长λem=470 nm。溶液的酸度对该体系的ΔF有较大影响,pH值在5.50～6.50时可使该体系的增敏作用达到最大且较稳定。加入表面活性剂对ΔF均无较明显的影响。该体系中铝的浓度在1.58×10^-8～4.24×10^-6mol/L范围内与ΔF=F-F0具有良好的线性关系,最低检出限为8.36×10^-9mol/L,回收率为99.4%～101.4%。[结论]该方法用于测定食品中微量铝的含量可获得灵敏度较高和选择性较好的结果。     

口服福尔马林对羔羊消化代谢与生长的影响

将8只30日龄、体重(6.9±1.0)kg的小尾寒羊×无角陶赛特母羔羊随机分为2组(每组4只),以研究口服福尔马林对羔羊自由采食、消化代谢、屠宰性能和甲醛残留的影响。结果表明,在55～80、95～120和125～150日龄3个日龄段,对照组羔羊的干物质采食量分别为(567.3±27.5)、(752.4±9.01)和(1044.1±30.8)g/(d.头),口服福尔马林组分别增加22.02%(P0.01)、28.75%(P0.01)和41.79%(P0.01);对照组羔羊的氮保留分别为(12.3±0.8)、(13.6±0.2)和(18.0±0.6)g/(d.头),口服福尔马林组分别增加25.20%(P0.01)、41.91%(P0.01)和46.11%(P0.01);对照组羔羊的日增重分别为(157.1±11.7)、(246.4±24.4)和(250.0±8.3)g/(d.头),口服福尔马林组分别增加18.20%(P0.05)、23.21%(P0.05)和27.16%(P0.01);而两组间的日粮消化率无显著差异。240日龄对照组和口服福尔马林组羔羊的胴体重分别为(20.37±1.78)和(24.55±1.14)kg/头(P0.01),屠宰率分别为48.59%±1.08%和50.46%±1.02%(P0.05),瘦肉率分别为65.22%±1.57%和64.84%±1.11%(P0.05)。羔羊血液、肌肉、肾脏、肝脏、瘤胃组织和小肠组织中的甲醛含量对照组分别为(1.84±0.44)mg/L、(0.35±0.26)mg/kg、(1.10±0.67)mg/kg、(0.74±0.34)mg/kg、(0.91±0.72)mg/kg和(0.79±0.41)mg/kg,在试验组分别为(1.47±0.61)mg/L、(0.54±0.34)mg/kg、(1.65±0.71)mg/kg、(0.91±0.38)mg/kg、(2.03±0.71)mg/L和(0.85±0.42)mg/L。因此,口服福尔马林可增加羔羊的自由采食量而不影响消化率,提高羔羊对日粮的消化量和羔羊日增重;以上这种作用随羔羊的日龄增加而增强;口服福尔马林提高羔羊的胴体重、屠宰率,但不影响胴体的瘦肉率;长期口服福尔马林羔羊的组织器官中甲醛的含量低于2.0 mg/kg。     

基于火焰原子吸收光谱法的芦笋中微量元素含量的测定

[目的]用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定芦笋（Asparagus officinalisL.）中Cu、Fe、Zn、Ca、Mg、K微量元素含量,为芦笋的合理开发利用提供依据。[方法]加入LaCl3和CsCl消除测定Ca、Mg和K时的干扰,以硝酸和过氧化氢为消解剂,采用高压密闭消解火焰原子吸收光谱法测定白芦笋、白芦笋罐头、绿芦笋及其嫩茎和花中Cu、Fe、Zn、Ca、Mg、K元素含量。[结果]方法的回收率在91.2%～112.3%,相对标准偏差为1.43%～2.31%。芦笋加工为罐头后,Cu、Fe、Zn和Ca元素含量增大,K和Mg元素含量减少;绿芦笋中Cu、Fe、Zn、Ca、Mg、K元素含量均高于白芦笋;绿芦笋花中Cu、Zn、Ca和Mg含量明显大于茎中。[结论]该研究可为芦笋的合理开发与利用提供依据。     

蛋白水平对舍饲辽宁绒山羊产绒性能及消化代谢的影响

为探索舍饲辽宁绒山羊对蛋白质的营养需要,采用单因子试验方法,选取辽宁绒山羊2周岁母羊15只,随机分为3组,每组5只,研究日粮不同蛋白水平(9.26%、10.06%、11.02%)对辽宁绒山羊产绒性能及消化代谢的影响。结果表明:日粮蛋白水平对辽宁绒山羊产绒性能无显著影响(P0.05),日粮蛋白水平达到9.26%时,就能满足辽宁绒山羊山羊绒生长需要,日粮蛋白水平为10.06%,产绒量最高,为453.2 g,羊绒长度和绒层厚度也最高,羊绒细度最细,分别为5.72,5.31 cm和15.26μm,但各组间差异不显著(P0.05),可能是由于绒山羊个体间差异所致;日粮蛋白水平11.02%组,尿氮、可消化氮、沉积氮、氮表观沉积率均最大,分别为3.13,8.07,4.94 g/d和43.94%,均显著高于蛋白水平9.26%组和10.06%组(P0.05),粪氮最小,为3.17 g/d,显著低于其余2组。从氮平衡来看,3组均为正平衡,能够不同程度地促进山羊绒的生长;日粮蛋白水平对粗纤维消化率无显著影响(P0.05);日粮蛋白水平对能量消化代谢无显著影响(P0.05)。配制辽宁绒山羊日粮,粗蛋白水平以11.02%为宜。     

α-淀粉酶预处理对城市生活垃圾厌氧消化的影响研究

[目的]研究α-淀粉酶预处理城市生活垃圾后对厌氧消化产气和产甲烷的影响。[方法]采用单因素试验方法,用不同α-淀粉酶添加量、水解温度、水解时间和底物浓度预处理城市生活垃圾,考察经过预处理后的生活垃圾再进行中温厌氧消化对产气和产甲烷情况的影响。[结果]通过α-淀粉酶预处理后比不经过任何处理的效果更显著,且得到利用α-淀粉酶预处理城市生活垃圾来强化厌氧消化的适宜条件为：酶用量100U/gVS、水解温度50℃、水解时间1h、底物浓度为8%。[结论]试验为进一步优化厌氧消化工艺提供了基础数据。     

促犊牛瘤胃发育胶囊对犊牛的生产性能和饲料养分消化的影响

试验研究了促犊牛瘤胃发育胶囊对犊牛的生产性能和饲料养分消化的影响.饲养试验:选用20头荷斯坦母犊,随机分为两组即试验组和对照组,饲喂相同精料,试验组1 d两次投喂促犊牛瘤胃发育胶囊,以研究促犊牛瘤胃发育胶囊对犊牛生产性能的影响.结果表明:促犊牛瘤胃发育胶囊对犊牛体重、日增重和饲料转化率无显著性影响(P>0.05);消化试验:从饲养试验对照组和试验组各选取5头牛,进行全收粪消化试验,以研究促犊牛瘤胃发育胶囊对饲料养分消化的影响,结果表明:促犊牛瘤胃发育胶囊对犊牛DM、 OM、 CP、 EE、 HC、 CEL、 Ca、 P和GE的表观消化率没有显著性影响,但可显著提高DM的消化量15.5;、CP的消化量19.9;和Ca的吸收量11.3;(P<0.05).     

药用植物提取物对绵羊采食量、养分消化及瘤胃发酵性能的影响

文章旨在探讨日粮添加不同水平药用植物提取物对绵羊采食量、采食行为、养分消化及瘤胃发酵性能的影响.试验将60头平均体重为82.76 kg的绵羊随机分为3组,每组5个重复,每个重复4头.3组绵羊在10?w的试验期中分别饲喂基础日粮+0、80和160?mg/kg药物复合植物提取物.结果:80?mg/kg植物提取物组绵羊的平均...