番茄果实特异表达启动子ESp1的克隆及表达

E8启动子是番茄果实成熟乙烯响应性基因E8的启动子区。这个区域中存在着一些响应乙烯以及在果实发育和成熟过程中起调节作用的顺式作用元件，调节E8基因在果实成熟过程中表达（Deikmaa et al．，1998）。本研究根据GenBank中E8基因的启动子区序列设计引物，从番茄基因组中克隆了该启动子，构建了番茄果实特异表达载体，并通过RT-PCR和gus基因检测了该表达载体的果实特异表达活性。     

穿龙薯蓣吸肥规律研究

以黑土为供试土壤,根茎为繁殖材料,分别测定了不同生长时期内穿龙薯蓣全株氮、磷、钾养分含量并分析其变化规律。结果表明:在长春地区,生长季内氮、磷、钾的吸收量N:P2O5:K2O=5.8:1:5.3。氮、钾在5月30日~7月10日是第一个吸收高峰期,7月10日达全年最大值,磷则在5月30日~7月21日,7月21日达全年最大值;氮、磷、钾在8月12日~9月1日时均出现了第二个吸收高峰期,在9月1日同时达到第二个吸收峰值。     

生物炭对水稻土Olsen-P的影响

生物炭如何影响土壤磷素的有效性目前尚不清楚。本研究以稻草和白杨树枝为原料,采用室内培养方法,研究了300℃、450℃和600℃制备的生物炭在5、15和40g/kg施用量下对水稻土Olsen-P的影响。与树枝炭相比,稻草炭显著提高了水稻土Olsen-P含量;3种温度制备的稻草炭对水稻土Olsen-P的影响不存在显著差异;3种施用量稻草炭均显著提高了水稻土Olsen-P含量。生物炭制备原料和施用量均显著影响土壤磷素的有效性,不同温度制备的生物炭对土壤磷素的有效性影响不显著。     

Profile Characteristics and Potential Environmental Effect of Accumulated Phosphorus in Soils ofVegetable Fields in Beijing

Profile characteristics of accumulated P in 10 representative soils of vegetable fields in suburban districts of Beijing were investigated. Bioavailability of the accumulated P and its potential effect on the environment were studied in a greenhouse pot experiment and a soil column experiment. The results showed that the concentration of Olsen-P in the 0～20 cm soil samples of the vegetable fields ranged from 22.1 to 358.0 mg kg-1, which was 2 to 10 times higher than that of the crop fields in the suburbs of Beijing. Most of the excessive phosphorus was accumulated in the topsoils. The longer the soils cultivated with vegetables, the higher the soil total P, Olsen-P and organic matter concentration. Accumulated P in the soils from vegetable fields had higher bioavailability. Application of phosphorus fertilizer could not increase the dry weights of cucumbers, Chinese cabbage, and rape seedlings continuously planted. The soil column study showed high P concentration (＞ 0.6 mg L-1) in the leachates from the columns of the vegetable field soils with high accumulated P, which has a potential effect on the groundwater and natural water quality.     

不同生育时期根际土壤渍水逆境对冬小麦N、P、K素营养的影响

运用盆栽模拟土壤渍水逆境试验，研究不同生育时期根际土壤渍水逆境对不同小麦品种N、P、K素吸收、运转和分配的影响。结果表明，根际土壤渍水逆境对不同小麦品种N、P、K素吸收的影响有异;不同生育时期根际土壤渍水逆境显著影响根系对N、P素的吸收、运转与分配，以孕穗期渍水逆境影响最大，其次为灌浆期和拔节期，而不同生育时期根际土壤渍水逆境对K素的吸收影响较小。孕穗期以前浈水逆境主要影响小麦根系对N，P，K案的吸收．对N、P、K素在小麦体内的运输和分配影响较小；灌浆期渍水逆境不仅影响根系对N、P、K素的吸收．同时也影响N、P素在地上部各器官中的运转和分配，但对K素在小麦体内的运转和分配影响较小。因此，基肥中施足P肥和K肥，拔节孕穗期重施速效N肥，灌浆期叶面喷施KH2PO4对于培育壮秆大穗，减轻小麦溃害，提高受渍小麦籽粒产量具有非常重要的实际意义。     

石灰性土壤无机磷的形态分布及其有效性

本文应用蒋柏藩和顾益初(1989)提出的石灰性土壤无机磷的分级方法,对我国北方主要的石灰性土类进行了无机磷形态分级的研究,并对其有效性作出了初步评价。供试的甘肃、陕西和河南的16种土壤的无机磷形态的分布情况为:Ca₂-P平均占无机磷总量的1.34%,Ca-P占9.91%,Al-P占4.27%,Fe-P占4.40%,O-P占10.9%,Ca₁₀-P占69.1%。生物试验的结果表明:Ca₂-P型的磷酸盐是最有效的,也是作物磷素营养的主要来源;Ca₈-P、Al-P和Fe-P可以作为缓效磷源;Ca₁₀-P和O-P只是一种潜在磷源。本研究为石灰性土壤无机磷的研究和磷肥的合理施用提供了理论依据。     

Effectiveness of stone bunds in controlling soil erosion on cropland in the Tigray Highlands, northern Ethiopia

Abstract Use of stone bunds to enhance soil and water conservation was first introduced to Tigray, northern Ethiopia in 1981. This study was designed to examine the factors that control the effectiveness of bunds installed on cropland. Qualitative and quantitative assessments of soil loss and sediment accumulation were conducted on 202 plots at 12 representative sites in Dogu'a Tembien district. Mean annual soil loss from the foot of the bunds due to tillage erosion was estimated at 39kgm⁻¹yr⁻¹ or 20tha⁻¹yr⁻¹, a rate which decreased with increasing age of bund. The assessed mean annual soil loss rate by sheet and rill erosion in the absence of stone bunds is 57tha⁻¹yr⁻¹. The mean measured annual rate of sediment accumulation behind the stone bunds is 119kgm⁻¹yr^−1/sp or 59tha⁻¹yr⁻¹. The measurements show that the introduction of stone bunds to the region has led to a 68% reduction in annual soil loss due to water erosion. This reduction is due to the accumulation of sediment behind the stone bunds, which occurs faster in the early years after construction and decreases as the depression behind the bunds becomes filled with sediment. New stone bunds are particularly effective in trapping sediment in transport, but regular maintenance and increase in height of the bunds is necessary to maintain their effectiveness. The average USLE P factor for stone bunds in the study area is estimated to be 0.32.     

Can the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices actively mobilize P from rock phosphates?

Plants colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi have been shown to respond positively to the application of insoluble forms of inorganic phosphorus (P) such as rock phosphates (RPs). The mechanism(s) underlying such responses remain(s) unknown and although it has been hypothesized, there is no experimental support for the production of chelating agents by AM fungal hyphae. Here we investigate whether AM fungi can solubilize P from RPs and transfer it to plant roots. Using root-organ cultures of Daucus carrota L. inoculated or not with Glomus intraradices Schenk & Smith and containing P from different RP sources, we predicted that: (1) roots inoculated with G. intraradices would take up more P than those uninoculated; that (2) the amount of P taken up by roots through G. intraradices would be positively correlated with the RP reactivity; and that (3) G. intraradices would have access to RP through localized alterations of pH and/or by the production of organic acid anions that may act as chelating agents. The RP reactivity was positively correlated with P uptake. However, mycorrhizal roots grew initially slower and did not respond differently to any P treatment than those uninoculated. There was no evidence of localized changes in pH in proximity of G. intraradices hyphae, indicating that responses to RP by mycorrhizal plants observed in previous studies do not appear to result from the release of H⁺ ions alone or in combination with organic acid anions.     

Belowground interactions between intercropped wheat and Brassicas in acidic and alkaline soils

Our previous studies showed that, under P-limiting conditions, growth and P uptake were lower in the wheat genotype Janz than in three Brassica genotypes when grown in monoculture. The present study was conducted to answer the question if P mobilised by the Brassicas is available to wheat; leading to improved growth of wheat when intercropped with Brassicas compared to monocropped wheat. To assess if the interactions between the crops depend on soil type, the wheat genotype Janz and three Brassica genotypes (two canolas and one mustard) were grown for 6 weeks in monoculture or wheat intercropped with each Brassica genotype in an acidic and an alkaline soil with low P availability (with two plants per pot). Wheat grew equally well in the two soils, but the Brassicas grew better in the acidic than in the alkaline soil. In the acidic soil, monocropped Brassicas had a 3 to 4 fold greater plant dry weight (dw) and P uptake than wheat; plant dw and P uptake in wheat were decreased or not affected by intercropping and increased in the Brassicas. In the alkaline soil, dw and P uptake of the Brassicas was twice as high as in wheat, with intercropping having no effect on these parameters. The contribution of wheat to the total shoot dw and P uptake per pot was 4-21% and 32-40% in acidic and alkaline soil, respectively. Mycorrhizal colonisation was low in all genotypes in the acidic soil (1-6%). In the alkaline soil, mycorrhizal colonisation of monocropped wheat was 62%, but only 43-47% in intercropped wheat. Intercropping decreased P availability in the rhizosphere of wheat in the acidic soil but had no effect on rhizosphere P availability in the alkaline soil. Intercropping had a variable effect on rhizosphere microbial community composition (assessed by fatty acid methylester analysis (FAME) and ribosomal intergenic spacer amplification (RISA)), ranging from intercropping having no effect on the rhizosphere communities to intercropping resulting in a new and similar rhizosphere community composition in both genotypes. The results of this study show that intercropping with Brassicas does not improve growth and P uptake of wheat; thus there is no indication that P mobilised by the Brassicas is available to wheat.     

Development of biomarkers inAporrectodea caliginosa andLumbricus rubellus for detecting exposure to benzo[a]pyrene

Objectives and Methods. The sensitivity of two biomarkers, the neutral red retention assay (NRRA) and cytochrome P450 were evaluated in the earthwormAporrectodea caliginosa for their potential to detect exposure to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). Cytochrome P450 was also evaluated in the earthwormLumbricus rubellus, and measured using the substrate ethoxycoumarin. Optimal assay conditions (pH, and temperature) were determined, followed by exposure of earthworms to 20 mg/kg BaP (a typical concentration at contaminated sites in New Zealand). Ethoxycoumarin-O-dealkylase (ECOD) activity was measured after 7, 14, and 21 days exposure. The NRRA was evaluated in earthworms exposed to 0.2, 20, and 100 mg BaP/kg, and biomarker responses were compared with effects on body weight. Results and Discussion Benzo[a]pyrene failed to induce ECOD activity in either earthworm species, and therefore it is not useful as a biomarker of BaP exposure and was not evaluated further. In all cases, the NRRA was significantly affected in the absence of any effects on earthworm body weight, indicating that this assay can detect exposure to BaP at a range of concentrations comparable to those found at contaminated sites. The NRRA should be linked to reproductive endpoints, then it can be used as an early warning indicator of adverse effects. Establishing biomarker stability under environmental conditions is an important step in biomarker development. Therefore, the effects of soil type (sandy soil, silt loam, and a clay soil), moisture content (15–30%), and temperature (5–20°) on the NRRA were determined. In all cases, there was no effect on the NRRA, indicating that this assay is very stable under varying environmental conditions. Conclusion and Outlook In conclusion, cytochrome P450 activity does not appear to be a useful indicator of PAH exposure in eitherA. caliginosa or L.rubellus, and due to the inherently low activity, it is not suitable as a routine biomarker for detecting environmental contamination by these compounds. In contrast, the NRRA in the earthworm A.caliginosa is a promising indicator of PAH exposure at the concentrations likely to be found in contaminated sites in New Zealand, and therefore has potential for evaluating these contaminated sites. If the NRRA can be linked to ecologically important life-cycle endpoints, such as reproduction, then it could be used as an early warning indicator of adverse effects at contaminated sites, i.e., by measuring biomarker responses in earthworms from a ‘contaminated area’ and comparing these with earthworms from a matched control area.