降水和氮沉降对草地生态系统碳循环影响研究进展

随着全球变化的不断加剧,陆地生态系统碳循环备受关注,近年来预测未来降水格局变化和氮沉降增加对草地生态系统碳循环影响的研究不断深入。本文综述了全球背景下降水格局变化和氮沉降增加对草地生态系统碳循环的影响及其内在机理。降水量、强度、时间分布和频度以及氮沉降量、频度和形态的变化,通过改变土壤含水量、土壤温度、土壤养分及微生物活性影响生态系统的物种组成和结构,最终影响生态系统水平的碳循环。降水格局变化和氮沉降增加对生态系统水平碳循环是否存在交互作用没有统一的结论,因此在将来的研究中应采用多因子的实验,才能够更好的研究未来全球变化下生态系统碳循环的响应机理。     

Leakage of forest harvest changes in a small open economy: case Norway

The effect of changes in roundwood harvests in Norway on the harvests in rest of the world is examined using a global forest sector model. About 60–100% of the harvest change in Norway is offset by an opposite change in the rest of the world. Such leakage rates vary over time, wood category, background scenario, and the size of the harvest change. Asymmetries between the effects of increasing and decreasing the harvests also exist. Hence, the magnitude of leakage rate is case specific, though considerable. Under tightening wood supply there is less need/room to respond to harvest increase/decrease in Norway with incremental/reduced harvests elsewhere. When the use of global forest resources intensifies with increasing wood demand in the future, leakage rates can be smaller than today. It is important to account for harvest leakage in order to avoid overestimating the climate benefits of policies that decrease or increase roundwood harvests. For instance, for full carbon sequestration benefits of increasing harvests for harvested wood products, creating fresh additional demand for these products should be prioritized. Else the origin of raw material and the place of production for these products may change instead of their stock.     

Aboveground biomass increment and stand dynamics in tropical evergreen broadleaved forest

Forest ecosystems can modify the atmospheric CO₂ through biomass accumulation mostly in tree stems with diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 10 cm. Aboveground biomass increment (ΔAGB), and changes in stand AGB, no. stems and basal area (BA) were calculated from mortality, recruitment, and growth data of tree stems in tropical evergreen broadleaved forest, Central Highland Vietnam. Data were derived from ten 1-ha permanent plots established in 2004, where all stems with DBH ≥ 10 cm were tagged, identified to species, and measured for DBH in 2004 and 2012. In an 8-year duration, the increment was 53 ± 10 stems ha^–1, 7.8 ± 0.3 m² ha^–1 for BA and 86.0 ± 4.6 Mg ha^–1 for AGB. The stem mortality rate was 0.9% year^–1 and the stem recruitment rate was 2.2% year^–1. Annual ΔAGB was 10.8 Mg ha^–1 year^–1, equaling to 5.4 Mg C ha^–1 year^–1. Of which, tree stems of 35–80 cm DBH classes accounted for 65%. The results indicated that the forest is in stage of carbon sequestration. Any disturbances causing death of 35–80 cm DBH tree stems will much reduce carbon sequestration capacity and it will take a long time for AGB to return to pre-disturbance stage.     

江西省造林再造林碳汇项目发展潜力的评价指标探讨

文章对江西省清洁发展机制造林再造林碳汇项目发展潜力的评价进行分析研究,通过对土地资源、林木生长率、生物多样性、造林成本、农民收入等有关评价指标的分析,表明江西省实施CDM-AR项目具有明显的优势和巨大的潜力。     

基于固碳效益的森林最优轮伐期的确定

简述了国外基于固碳效益的最优轮伐期的研究.大量研究表明,当考虑人工林的固碳效益时,轮伐期长短会受影响,并会随碳价、贴现率变化而变化,并且这种变化通常很灵敏.通过总结国内关于森林固碳效益方面的研究,推导出固碳效益的一般模型,并将其引入到Faustmann最优轮伐期模型中,从而整理出基于固碳效益的最优轮伐期模型.     

外加碳源及沉水植物狐尾藻对上覆水中各形态磷浓度的影响

采用室内模拟实验(模拟“水体-底泥-沉水植物”生态系统),研究了外加碳源及沉水植物生长对上覆水总磷(TP)、溶解性总磷(DTP)、溶解性活性磷(SRP)、溶解性有机磷(DOP)的影响.结果表明:在本研究条件下,上覆水中各形态磷以溶解性总磷(DTP)为主;外加碳源,促进了沉积物磷的释放,增加了上覆水磷含量;沉水植物狐尾藻...     

有机培肥化肥减量对夏玉米含碳率及固碳量影响

为探讨不同施肥措施对玉米固碳能力的影响,以传统施肥为对照,设置化肥减量增施有机肥和秸秆6个处理,在玉米抽穗期、吐丝期和成熟期取样,分析不同器官含碳率和固碳量的差异。结果表明,不同生育期玉米植株器官含碳率有差异,地上器官(叶、茎、籽粒等)含碳率显著高于地下器官(根)。化肥减量30%增施有机肥和化肥减量30%增施秸秆2个处理相对化肥减量50%和化肥减量70%处理能有效提高玉米全株含碳率。化肥减量增施有机肥不仅提高植株收获物籽粒的含碳率,还增加还田产物茎和叶器官的含碳率。对不同处理玉米区域固碳量分析表明,玉米地上部分固碳量显著高于地下部分,化肥减量增施有机肥各处理平均区域固碳量高于化肥减量增施秸秆处理。     

武夷山常绿阔叶林土壤有机碳和微生物量碳的动态特征

为了探讨常绿阔叶林关键区域土壤碳循环规律,在2010-2011年间,以武夷山常绿阔叶林不同土层土壤为对象,研究土壤微生物量碳（MBC）和土壤有机碳（SOC）的季节变化特征及剖面分布;分析森林土壤微生物量碳与土壤有机碳、土壤微生物熵（qMB）的关系及其影响因素。结果表明,常绿阔叶林土壤微生物量碳含量的变化表现为：夏季、秋季较高,春季、冬季较低;而土壤有机碳含量的季节变化不明显。土壤微生物量碳和土壤有机碳在G1（0~10 cm）表层土壤含量明显高于G2（10~20 cm）和G3（20~30 cm）,差异显著;而G2、G3土层之间差异不显著,但表现为自上向下显著递减的趋势;土壤微生物量碳与土壤有机碳、土壤微生物熵含量均表现出显著相关性（P<0.01）。研究表明,表层土壤有机碳的累积量较高,土壤有机碳的积累对土壤微生物量碳具有重要的影响。     

一株产油酵母菌高产培养基的碳源和氮源选择

[目的]为大规模发酵生产微生物油脂奠定基础。[方法]以产油酵母菌Y1为试验菌株,分别以蔗糖、葡萄糖和麦芽糖为碳源,蛋白胨、牛肉膏、氯化铵、硝酸铵和硝酸钾为氮源,研究不同碳源和氮源对菌株细胞生长的影响。[结果]Y1菌株的最适碳源为葡萄糖,最适氮源为牛肉膏,葡萄糖的最适浓度为85 g/L,100 ml摇瓶装液量为25 ml,液体种子接种量为10%,摇床转速为160 r/min,温度为28℃,培养21.5 h菌体生物量达到最大。[结论]该研究对产油酵母菌Y1的液体摇瓶产脂发酵培养基进行了优化。