CO_2浓度、氮素和水分对春小麦碳素固定的影响

试验设350μmolmol-1和700μmolmol-12种CO2浓度水平,湿润、干旱2种水分处理和施N0、50、100、150和200mgkg-15个水平。结果表明,CO2浓度增加,春小麦地上部碳固定量和碳固定总量均增加,但与氮肥施用水平有关。在中氮和高氮时,CO2浓度增高,地上部碳固定量和碳固定总量明显增加,而不施氮肥和低氮时,增加则不明显。不同水分处理地上部碳固定量和碳固定总量也没有明显差别,这表明,CO2浓度升高对氮素和水分胁迫及对春小麦碳固定并没有补偿作用。     

连栽对杉木人工林碳贮量的影响研究

选择不同栽植代数(1、23、代)、不同发育阶段(幼龄林、中龄林和成熟林)的杉木人工林进行不同栽植代数杉木林含C率、C贮量和年净固C量比较研究结果表明,不同栽植代数杉木林的含C率在45%~55%之间,不同代数间差异不明显,同一栽植代数相同发育阶段杉木林乔木层各器官含C率表现为皮>叶>干>根>枝。随栽植代数增加,杉木林C贮量和年净固C量明显降低,但不同发育阶段杉木林代数间差异程度不同,中龄林代数间差异最明显,与1代中龄林相比,2、3代杉木林C贮量分别下降16.98%和63.60%,年净固C量分别下降14.01%和25.14%。     

Serological survey of Encephalitozoon cuniculi in farm rabbits in Italy

Rabbit sera (n = 1600) from 40 commercial farms were submitted to a serological screening for Encephalitozoon cuniculi by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a carbon immunoassay (CIA test). Antibodies anti-Encephalitozoon cuniculi were found in 505/1600 (31.6%) sera analysed, and all the farms (100%) resulted positive. Rabbits older than 4 months showed a significantly higher seropositivity for E. cuniculi (chi-squared test: p < 0.0001) than rabbits under 4 months, E. cuniculi sero-prevalence showed an increasing trend in rabbits within the farm along with the increase in the “number of rabbits on the farm”; however, this trend was not significant (Spearman’s correlation: p = 0.073).The findings of the present study confirm that rabbit is the main reservoir of E. cuniculi; they are of epidemiological relevance and immediate public health importance because of the recognized infectivity in humans by the microsporidium.     

低丘红壤有机碳库的密度及变异

在中国科学院红壤生态实验站,采样分析了不同利用方式下土壤有机C 库的密度及其变异。结果表明,低丘红壤有机C 的密度0 ~ 20cm为(2.09 0.69) kg/m2,0 ~ 100 cm为(5.01 1.46) kg/m2; 全N密度0 ~ 20 cm为(0.20 0.07) kg/m2, 0 ~ 100 cm为(0.59 0.14) kg/m2。从裸地到稀疏荒草地,0 ~ 20 cm和0 ~ 100 cm土壤有机C 密度可以提高1.0 kg/m2和1.7 kg/m2;而从稀疏荒草地到人工林地或园地,0 ~ 20 cm和0 ~ 100 cm土壤有机C 密度可以提高0.7 kg/m2和0.9 kg/m2;稀疏荒草地如果开垦利用为水田,经长期培肥达到高度熟化,则0 ~ 20 cm和0 ~ 100 cm土壤有机C 密度可以提高2.3 kg/m2和4.4 kg/m2。即使不同类型的人工林地和园地之间,0 ~ 20 cm和0 ~ 100 cm土壤有机C 的密度差异也可达到1.0 kg/m2和3.5 kg/m2。不同地形部位之间0 ~ 20 cm和0 ~ 100 cm土壤有机C 密度差异达到1.3 kg/m2和2.9 kg/m2,全N密度差异达0.1 kg/m2和0.3 kg/m2;不同肥力水平之间0 ~ 20 cm和0 ~ 100 cm土壤有机C 密度差异达到1.5 ~ 2.2 kg/m2和2.8 ~ 4.1 kg/m2,全N密度差异达0.07 ~ 0.11 kg/m2和0.20 ~ 0.23 kg/m2; 强烈侵蚀可以降低0 ~ 20 cm和0 ~ 100 cm土壤有机C 密度1.4 kg/m2和2.2 kg/m2。因此,通过调整土地利用方式,可以提高土壤有机C 库密度,增     

Seasonal effects of liming,irrigation, and acid precipitation on microbial biomass N in a spruce (Picea abies L.) forest soil

Summary Seasonal effects of liming, irrigation, and acid precipitation on microbial biomass N and some physicochemical properties of different topsoil horizons in a spruce forest (Picea abies L.) were measured throughout one growing season. The highest biomass N was recorded in autumn and spring in the upper soil horizons, while the lowest values were obtained in summer and in deeper horizons. The clearest differences between the different soil treatments were apparent in autumn and in the upper horizons. Liming increased the microbial biomass N from 1.7% of the total N content to 6.8% (Olf₁ layer) and from 1% to 2% of the total N content in the Of₂ layer. The main inorganic-N fraction in the deeper horizons was NO _inf3 ^sup- . An increase in cation exchange capacity was observed down to the Oh layer, while soil pH was only slightly higher in the Olf₁ and Of₂ layers after liming. The effects of irrigation were less marked. The microbial biomass N increased from 1.7% of total N to 4.8% in the Olf₁ layer and from 1% to 2% of total N in the Of₂ layer. In the Olf₁ layer an increase in C mineralization was observed. Acid precipitation decreased the microbial biomass N in the upper horizons from 4.8% of total N to 1.8% in the Olf₁ layer and from 2% to 0.5% in the Of₂ layer. No significant changes in soil pH were observed, but the decrease in cation exchange capacity may result in a decrease in the proton buffering capacity in the near future.     

Effects of elevated CO2 concentration on rhizodeposition from Lolium perenne grown on soil exposed to 9 years of CO2 enrichment

The effects of enriched CO₂ atmosphere on partitioning of recently assimilated carbon were investigated in a plant-soil-microorganism system in which Lolium perenne seedlings were planted into cores inserted into the resident soil within a sward that had been treated with elevated CO₂ for 9 consecutive years, under two N fertilisation levels (Swiss FACE experiment). The planted cores were excavated from the ambient (35 Pa pCO₂) and enriched (60 Pa pCO₂) rings at two dates, in spring and autumn, during the growing season. The cores were brought back to the laboratory for ¹⁴C labelling of shoots in order to trace the transfer of recently assimilated C both within the plant and to the soil and microbial biomass. At the spring sampling, high N supply stimulated shoot and total dry matter production. Consistently, high N enhanced the allocation of recently fixed C to shoots, and reduced it to belowground compartments. Elevated CO₂ had no consequences for DM or the pattern of C allocation. At the autumn sampling, at high N plot, yield of L. perenne was stimulated by elevated CO₂. Consistently, ¹⁴C was preferentially allocated aboveground and, consequently belowground recent C allocation was depressed and rhizodeposition reduced. At both experimental periods, total soil C content was similar in all treatments, providing no evidence for soil carbon sequestration in the Swiss Free Air CO₂ Enrichment experiment (FACE) after 9 years of enrichment. Recently assimilated C and soil C were mineralised faster in soils from enriched rings, suggesting a CO₂-induced shift in the microbial biomass characteristics (structure, diversity, activity) and/or in the quality of the root-released organic compounds.     

Protection of soil carbon by microaggregates within earthworm casts

Earthworms are known to play a role in aggregate formation and soil organic matter (SOM) protection. However, it is still unclear at what scale and how quickly earthworms manage to protect SOM. We investigated the effects of Aporrectodea caliginosa on aggregation and aggregate-associated C pools using ¹³C-labeled sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) leaf residue. Two incubations were set up. The first incubation consisted of soil samples crushed <250 μm to break up all macroaggregates with three treatments: (i) control soil; (ii) soil+¹³C-labeled residue and (iii) soil+¹³C-labeled residue+earthworms. Earthworms were added after 8 d and 12 d (days) later, aggregate size distribution was measured together with total C and ¹³C in each aggregate fraction. A second incubation was made to assay protected versus unprotected total C and ¹³C from 21-d laboratory incubations of intact and crushed large (>2000 μm) and small (250-2000 μm) macroaggregates and microaggregates (53-250 μm). Eight different pools of aggregate-associated C were quantified: (1) and (2) unprotected C pools in large and small macroaggregates, (3) unprotected C pools in microaggregates, (4) and (5) protected C pools in large and small macroaggregates, (6) protected C pool in microaggregates, and (7) and (8) protected C pools in microaggregates within large and small macroaggregates. In the presence of earthworms, a higher proportion of large macroaggregates was newly formed and these aggregates contained more C and ¹³C compared to bulk soil. There were no significant differences between the samples with or without earthworms in the C pool-sizes protected by macroaggregates, microaggregates or microaggregates within small macroaggregates. However, in the presence of earthworms, the C protected by microaggregates within large macroaggregates was a significant pool and 22% of this C pool was newly added C. In conclusion, these results clearly indicate the direct involvement of earthworms in providing protection of soil C in microaggregates within large macroaggregates leading to a possible long-term stabilization of soil C.     

Effect of long-term manuring and fertilizers on carbon pools,soil structure,and sustainability under different cropping systems in wet-temperate zone of northwest Himalayas

We investigated C management index (CMI; an indicator of sustainability of a management system and is based on total and labile C) and soil aggregation in medium-textured soils (silt loam and silty clay loam) under different cropping systems as follows: maize-wheat (M-W), rice-wheat (R-W), soybean-wheat (S-W), Guinea grass, and Setaria grass. Field experiments were 6–32 years long and were located in the wet-temperate zone of northwest Himalayas. The plant nutrients were applied through chemical fertilizers (urea, superphosphate, and muriate of potash) with or without organic materials (FYM, wheat straw, and Lantana spp.). The content of total C (C_T), labile C (C_L), CMI, mean weight diameter (MWD), and aggregate porosity varied significantly under different cropping systems. The range was 1.59 (R-W)–4.29% (Setaria) for C_T, 1.23 (R-W)–3.89 mg/kg (Guinea grass) for C_L, 52.09 (R-W)–129.77 (Guinea grass) for CMI, 0.90 (R-W)–5.09 (Guinea grass) for MWD, and 41.5 (R-W)–56.8% (S-W) for aggregate porosity. Aggregate porosity was highest (56.8%) under S-W, followed by grasses (50.1–51.2%), and M/R-W (41.5–50.0%). As per these data, (a) continuous use of N alone as urea lowered soil sustainability over control (no fertilizers); (b) use of NPK at recommended rates improved soil productivity over control; (c) the NPK + organic amendments further improved soil sustainability; and (d) the sustainability under different cropping systems followed the order: perennial grasses > soybean-wheat > maize-wheat > rice-wheat.     

What happens to earthworm casts in the soil? A field study of carbon and nitrogen dynamics in Neotropical savannahs

In the Oxisols of the eastern plains of Colombia, the large native anecic earthworm Martiodrilus sp. is an abundant ecosystem engineer producing long-lasting casts and burrows. Casts deposited in the soil by this species have been estimated at several tonnes per hectare per year. The physical and chemical processes occurring in these casts have never been studied. In this study, we compared the dynamics of water content (WC), total C (C_tot), and available N (N_avail) contents, and the distribution in size of aggregates in ageing below-ground casts of this species and in the bulk soil. In a native herbaceous savannah and a sown grass/legume pasture (Brachiaria humidicola, Arachis pintoi, Desmodium ovalifolium and Stylosanthes capitata), fresh surface casts were experimentally injected into artificial burrows of 1 cm Ø and 10 cm depth and sampled at different dates during a total period of 120 days. The injection procedure used resulted in a 34% decrease in WC of the casts from the sown pasture and reduced the mean mass diameter (MMD) of the aggregates of casts from the savannah by 19%. Other properties were not significantly affected by the procedure.For injected casts in both grasslands, MMD and C_tot were stable during cast ageing while WC and N_avail were initially at levels several times higher than the bulk soil and decreased to similar bulk soil values with ageing. The C_tot was twice and one third higher in casts compared with the bulk soil in the pasture and the savannah, respectively. Overall means for cast MMD (8.3 and 7.4 mm) were twice as high as those in the bulk soil (3.8 mm) in the savannah and the pasture, respectively. However, MMD was not significantly different between the casts and the bulk soil in two occasions in the pasture. Available nitrogen (N_avail) in injected casts was initially greater than bulk soil levels, reaching maximum levels just after injection (116 and 93 mg kg⁻¹) and remained significantly greater during 1-2 weeks, in the savannah and the pasture, respectively. In conclusion, the tonnes of casts deposited in the soil profile by Martiodrilus sp. each year are likely to contribute greatly to plant nutrition and to the regulation of the soil structure. For each anecic earthworm species, the ecological impact of its below-ground casts is likely to be as important as its surface casts.     

Carbon stable isotope fractionation and trophic transfer of fatty acids in fungal based soil food chains

Stable isotope analysis has been used as a powerful tool in food web studies in terrestrial ecosystems. In addition the occurrence and abundance of fatty acids may serve as indicator for feeding strategies of soil animals. Here we combine both approaches and investigate the fatty acid composition, δ¹³C values of bulk tissues and individual fatty acids in soil organisms. The fungi Chaetomium globosum and Cladosporium cladosporioides were isotopically labelled by fructose derived from either C₃ or C₄ plants, and the fungal-feeding nematode Aphelenchoides sp. was reared on C. globosum. Fungi and nematodes were used as diet for the Collembolan Protaphorura fimata. The sugar source was fractionated differently by fungal lipid metabolism in a species-specific manner that points to a sensitivity of physiological processing to the non-random distribution of ¹³C/¹²C isotopes in the molecule. As a general trend stearic acid (18:0) was depleted in ¹³C compared to the precursor palmitic acid (16:0), whereas its desaturation to oleic acid (18:1 ω9) favoured the ¹³C-rich substrate.Fatty acid profiles of P. fimata varied due to food source, indicating incorporation of dietary fatty acids into Collembolan tissue. Individuals feeding on fungi had lower amounts in C20 fatty acids, with monoenoic C20 forms not present. This pattern likely separates primary consumers (fungivores) from predators (nematode feeders). The isotopic discrimination in ¹³C for bulk Collembola ranged between −2.6 and 1.4‰ and was dependent on fungal species and C₃/C₄ system, suggesting differences at metabolic branch points and/or isotope discrimination of enzymes. Comparison of δ¹³C values in individual fatty acids between consumer and diet generally showed depletion (i.e. de novo synthesis) or no changes (i.e. dietary routing), but the fractionation was not uniform and affected by the type of ingested food. Fatty acid carbon isotopes were more variable than those of bulk tissues, likely due to both the distrimination by enzymes and the different lipid origin (i.e. neutral or polar fraction).