香辛料中农药残留限量标准制定现状

香辛料是国际贸易中重要的特殊农产品，为保证食品安全，无论是发展中国家还是发达国家都加强了对香辛料中农药残留的研究和管理，并建立了一系列限量(MRLs)标准，这些标准的建立保证了香辛料的产品质量及安全性，同时也有利于促进相关农产品的国际贸易。文章对目前主要国际组织及重要香辛料贸易国家在制定香辛料中农药MRL标准时所遵循的原则、作物分类方式以及具体的MRL标准进行了比较，讨论了中国完善香辛料中农药MRL标准的必要性，旨在促进统一的全球性MRL标准的制定，以保证香辛料中农药残留摄入风险可控及国际贸易的顺利进行。     

酸甜青椒罐头工艺研究

以海南产青椒为试材,对原料进行切分、漂烫、护绿、硬化、配汤汁、装罐、杀菌等工序参数的研究.结果表明,较佳护绿条件为:0.17%的NaHCO3和3%的NaCl混合液中漂烫10 s,再在0.2%的NaHCO3溶液中冷浸2～3 min;最适硬化条件为:0.2%的CaCl2溶液中浸泡20 min;通过L9(34)正交试验得出最适的汤汁配比为:16%的白砂糖,1.3%的柠檬酸和2.0%的食盐;最后经沸水杀菌15 min可生产出风味较佳的酸甜青椒罐头.     

Typical Microorganisms in Cold Marinated Anchovies (Engraulis anchoita) Filled with Corn Oil and Spices

Abstract

The aim of this work was to study the influence of microbiological load of spices in the microflora of anchovy marinades. Microorganisms were not detected in anchovy at the end of the marinating stage, previous to packaging the marinated fillet. In the spices used, the microorganisms found were Lactobacillus paracasei paracasei 1, Bacillus mycoides, and Monilia spp. in black pepper; L. cellobiosus and B. mycoides in bay leaves; L. acidophilus and B. mycoides in paprika; and L. acidophilus, B. mycoides and Micrococcus varians in milled red pep per. After three months of storage of marinated anchovy at 4°C and 18°C only L. paracasei paracasei 1, L. acidophilus 1, M. varias and B. mycoides were found. Several of these bacteria were from spices and were considered typical of marinades, since the homeostatic mechanisms were adaptable in the medium.     

腌制剂对脉动压腌制咸鸡蛋的影响

为丰富咸蛋品种,改善咸蛋风味,提高咸蛋的腌制速率,应用脉动压技术,以鸡蛋为原料,选取白酒、香辛料、柠檬酸为影响因素,通过单因素及正交试验,考察咸蛋腌制中蛋质量增加率、蛋清含盐率和蛋黄含盐率的变化,对腌制禽蛋工艺进行优化。结果表明：白酒和柠檬酸对盐分渗入有促进作用,而香辛料则阻碍了盐分的渗入,影响咸蛋综合评分的因素从高到低依次为香辛料、白酒、柠檬酸,且香辛料对咸蛋综合评分的影响显著,柠檬酸对蛋清含盐率的影响显著。在高压幅值140 kPa、脉动比2.5 min/5min饱和食盐溶液中腌制96 h,风味咸蛋腌制     

香辛料提取物抑菌效果的研究

研究了几种香辛料提取物对食品中常见腐败菌的抑菌作用。结果表明,甘草和姜黄对大肠杆菌,甘草、小茴香和姜黄对荧光假单胞,肉豆蔻对清酒乳杆菌的生长具有明显的抑制效果。     

A survey of interculture practices and research in Sri Lanka

A survey on interculture research in Sri Lanka is outlined with details of species composition, spatial arrangement and justification for growing the crops as mixtures. The systems include interculture in tea, rubber and coconut plantations, spice gardens and alley cropping between leguminous tree crops. Soil conservation, generation of fuel and fodder, incentives for replanting and export diversification are some of the justifications put forward for interculture along with microclimate modification and reduction of pest incidence. The predominant expected yield criterion was some yield of associated intercrop with no reduction in tree crop yield rather than a land equivalence ratio of greater than unity. Major methodological problems were encountered due to lack of published information in mixture yields and the heterogeneity of experimental sites. Techniques for determining the biological basis of any yield advantage and the optimal spatial arrangement of intercrops were also missing.     

Influence of different Taxodium ascendens stands on the open ranges and system performance in Jiangsu Province, China

This paper reveals the results of an eight-year experiment set up to identify the effects of four tree spacing configurations (1.5 × 4 m, 1.2 × 5 m, 2 × 3 m and 1.5 × 2 × 6 m) on open ranges and the relationship between open ranges and species coexistence in Taxodium ascendens-intercrop systems. Relative interrow open ranges and relative interplant open ranges were significantly different among four tree spacings. All relative open ranges (relative interrow open ranges, relative interplant open ranges, relative canopy open ranges and relative space-volumed open ranges) decreased with increasing age. The wider interrow or interplant spacings of trees offered wider (relative) interrow or interplant open ranges for intercrops. All of the tree spacings, except spacing 2 × 3 m, had negative relative interplant open ranges in nine-year-old stands, suggesting that the canopies between a plant and its neighbouring plant were in direct competition, and no interplant open range existed between two individual trees. Up to age nine, spacing 1.5 × 2 × 6 m showed no marked disadvantage in growth performance as compared to the other three spacings, but provided wider interrow open ranges for intercrops. Starting with tree stands of age four years, the yields of interplanted wheat (Triticum aestivum), soybean (Glyciae max) and rape (Brassica napus) decreased significantly as a result of the decrease of open ranges in tree stands. The yields of wheat, soybean and rape were lower in tree spacing 2 × 3 m than in other spacings. There was a positive correlation between wheat yields and canopy open ranges. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

北方城市森林绿地植物群落的树种选择与配置

城市森林生态系统的建立，不仅仅是绿地覆盖率的提高与绿量的堆砌，而应该在生态学、植物学、美学和景观艺术等学科的基础上，充分认识城市绿化树种的生物学与生态学特性，对其进行有机的配置和组合，从植物群落的节奏、韵律、层次、色彩、多样性等角度出发，建设高水平，上档次的城市生态环境。本文通过大量调查，从树种的生物学特性，生态学特性，种类，结构，布局，层次，色彩，季相景观，苗龄，密度等方面，提出了城市森林树种选择与配置的各种问题。并针对性的提出了一系列改进方案，如把握树种生物学特性，科学选择树种；以生态学特性为基础，因地制宜，合理利用小环境；乔灌草相结合，常绿与落叶相结合；生态效益与景观效益相结合；群落多样性与特色基调树种相结合；短期效益与长期效益相结合；合理选用种植密度；速生乡土树种与珍贵绿化树种相结合；绿化、美化、香化与季相景观相结合等。     

Effects of dietary supplementation of spices on forage degradability,ruminal fermentation,in vivo digestibility,growth performance and nitrogen balance in Black Bengal goat

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of spices on forage utilization and nitrogen (N) emission using in vitro and in vivo approach. A 6 × 5 factorial triplicate arrangement was used to assess the in vitro degradability of rice straw with control (without spices) and individual (40 mg/g rice straw) spices (cumin, coriander, clove, black cumin, turmeric) at five different incubation times. In vitro dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) degradability of rice straw were highest in presence of spices except for clove. Clove significantly reduced the total volatile fatty acids concentration, molar proportion of acetate and propionate ratio, but increased propionate production. Acetate and butyrate production were not affected by treatments. The ammonia‐nitrogen concentration was lowest for clove and turmeric compared to other spices. Rumen pH was unchanged but gradually decreased over the incubation period. For in vivo study, 12 bucks with average live weight 7.65 ± 0.19 kg were assigned to a completely randomized design with three treatments and four replicates for a 28‐day period. Bucks were fed a total mixed ration without (0 g/kg DM) or with (2.5, 7.5 g/kg DM) clove supplementation. DM intake, body weight and apparent total tract digestibility of crude protein (CP) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) were not affected by increasing dietary doses of clove but tended (p = .09) to increase DM and OM digestibility. The urinary N and urine urea N concentration of bucks decreased linearly with incremental doses of clove diet. In contrary, clove supplementation had positive effects on plasma urea N and retained N in bucks. We concluded that though some spices had positive effects on ruminal digestion and fermentation, the dosage level assessed in the current study (up to 7.5 g/kg DM clove) can be promoted as an effective dietary approach to mitigate N losses in bucks.     

中国粉孢革菌科一新记录属(白缘皱孔菌属)和一新记录种(拟软白缘皱孔菌)

2006年8—9月在云南对木腐菌进行考察期间，采到一革菌标本，经鉴定为拟软白缘皱孔菌Leuogyrophana pseudomollusa（Parm．）Parm．o白缘皱孔菌属（Leucogyrophana Pouz．）真菌在国内未见报道，为中国新记录属。同时该种也为中国新记录种，本文根据所采集的标本对其进行了详细描述和显微结构绘图。研究标本现保存在中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所生物标本馆（IFP）。