广东省农业多功能评价及复合功能空间划分研究

农业功能结构性失衡、功能服务区域覆盖不均是城乡发展二元化的典型特征,农业功能空间的开发与转型是破解城乡发展二元结构、推进农业现代化的有力抓手。本文通过构建农业多功能评价体系,运用耦合协调模型和空间自相关等技术方法,分析广东省农业多功能及其各功能的发展状况,划分农业复合功能空间类型,辨析农业复合功能空间的发展与转型演化过程。结果表明,2010—2020年广东省农业多功能指数呈上升趋势,发展先慢后快,向非生产性主导的农业多功能转型发展,空间格局呈向沿海地区集聚的发展态势。农业各类功能指数均有所提高,生产功能呈现以粤东、粤西为中心集聚,并向粤北地区延伸,珠三角地区低值集聚的特点;社会服务功能在区域内中等水平均衡分布;农业生态服务功能形成“粤北环海”的北部生态屏障与“圈层递增”的总体格局;休闲服务功能主要分布在珠三角区域,呈现高—高集聚和低—高集聚的特点。农业复合功能空间类型主要向生态型、休闲型复合功能空间转型,形成生产—生态服务型、生产—社会服务型、生产—休闲服务型、社会—休闲服务型、社会—生态服务型5种类型的农业复合功能空间新格局。广东省农业多功能持续融合、复合功能空间类型多元化发展,但区...     

Increasing the appropriate seedling density for higher yield in dry direct-seeded rice sown by a multifunctional seeder after wheat-straw return

Dry direct-seeded rice (DDR) sown using a multifunctional seeder that performs synchronous rotary tillage and sowing has received increased attention because it is highly efficient, relatively cheap, and environmentally friendly.  However, this method of rice production may produce lower yields in a rice–wheat rotation system because of its poor seedling establishment.  To address this problem, we performed field experiments to determine the rice yield at five seedling density levels (B1, B2, B3, B4, and B5=100, 190, 280, 370, and 460 seedlings m⁻², respectively) and clarify the physiological basis of yield formation.  We selected a representative high-quality rice variety and a multifunctional seeder that used in a typical rice–wheat rotation area in 2016 and 2018.  The proportion of main stem panicle increased with increasing seedling density.  There was a parabolic relationship between yield and seedling density, and the maximum yield (9.34−9.47 t ha⁻¹) was obtained under B3.  The maximum yield was associated with a higher total spikelet number m⁻² and greater biomass accumulation from heading to maturity.  The higher total spikelet number m⁻² under B3 was attributed to an increase in panicle number m⁻² compared with B1 and B2.  Although the panicle numbers also increased under B4 and B5, these increases were insufficient to compensate for the reduced spikelet numbers per panicle.  Lower biomass, smaller leaf area, and lower N uptake per plant from the stem elongation stage to the heading stage were partially responsible for the smaller panicle size at higher seedling density levels such as B5.  The higher biomass accumulation under B3 was ascribed to the increases in the photosynthetic rate of the top three leaves m⁻² of land, crop growth rate, net assimilation rate, and leaf area index.  Furthermore, the B3 rice population was marked by a higher grain–leaf ratio, as well as a lower export ratio and transport ratio of biomass per stem-sheath.  A quadratic function predicted that 260−290 seedlings m⁻² is the optimum seedling density for achieving maximum yield.  Together, these results suggested that appropriately increasing the seedling density, and thereby increasing the proportion of panicles formed by the main stem, is an effective approach for obtaining a higher yield in DDR sown using a multifunctional seeder in a rice–wheat rotation system.     

我国多功能森林经营的理论探索与对策研究

多功能林业已经成为世界林业发展的主流,开展多功能森林经营是提高我国森林质量和效益的重要途径。探索了多功能森林经营概念,论述了多功能森林经营技术体系,探讨了我国实施多功能森林经营的对策,最后指出:需要树立多功能森林经营理念,强化多功能森林经营技术和制度支撑体系,逐步推动多功能森林经营在我国的实施。     

小型多功能作业机丘陵山地应用试验

丘陵山地农业机械化是农业现代化发展的必经之路。该文通过研究小型多功能作业机在丘陵山地的应用试验,提出采用适应多种田间作业需要的通用底盘。通过集成技术的研究与示范推广应用,为加快丘陵山地农机化的发展提供技术支撑。      

木霉菌多功能生防菌剂对瓜类枯萎病的防效研究

通过对甜瓜枯萎病具有较强拮抗作用的绿色木霉菌T23、哈茨木霉菌Ta22及添加少量营养元素为增效剂的木霉菌多功能生防菌剂对瓜类枯萎病进行防治试验。结果表明:对温室盆栽甜瓜枯萎病防效达67.34%~76.59%;田间大棚甜瓜枯萎病防效达69.67%~88.06%,黄瓜枯萎病的相对防效为66.04%,西瓜枯萎病的防效达70.58%~89.75%。     

Evaluation of Three Chitin Metal Silicate Co-Precipitates as a Potential Multifunctional Single Excipient in Tablet Formulations

The performance of the novel chitin metal silicate (CMS) co-precipitates as a single multifunctional excipient in tablet formulation using direct compression and wet granulation methods is evaluated. The neutral, acidic, and basic drugs Spironolactone (SPL), ibuprofen (IBU) and metronidazole (MET), respectively, were used as model drugs. Commercial Aldactone^®, Fleximex^® and Dumazole^® tablets containing SPL, IBU and MET, respectively, and tablets made using Avicel^® 200, were used in the study for comparison purposes. Tablets of acceptable crushing strength (>40 N) were obtained using CMS. The friability values for all tablets were well below the maximum 1% USP tolerance limit. CMS produced superdisintegrating tablets (disintegration time < 1 min) with the three model drugs. Regarding the dissolution rate, the sequence was as follow: CMS > Fleximex^® > Avicel^® 200, CMS > Avicel^® 200 > Dumazole^® and Aldactone^® > Avicel^® 200 > CMS for IBU, MET and SPL, respectively. Compressional properties of formulations were analyzed using density measurements and the compression Kawakita equation as assessment parameters. On the basis of DSC results, CMS co precipitates were found to be compatible with the tested drugs. Conclusively, the CMS co-precipitates have the potential to be used as filler, binder, and superdisintegrant, all-in-one, in the design of tablets by the direct compression as well as wet granulation methods.     

芦花冲小流域多功能防护林水土保持效益监测

采用坡面径流场和三角形-梯形复合测流堰方法,观测了芦花冲小流域多功能防护林林地的径流、泥沙及土壤物理性质变化。结果表明多功能防护林体系的水土保持效果明显,不同造林模式林地同对照比较,坡面径流量减少17.75%~77.41%,泥沙流失量减少55.24%~89.83%,土壤容重减少3.00%~30.30%,土壤总孔隙度增加12.67%~75.55%。应用世行多功能防护林造林模式营造林3~4a后,林地的水土流失可以得到基本控制。     

粮堆局部处理机实仓熏蒸杀虫试验

采用粮堆局部处理机解决了高大平房仓大粮堆局部生虫的问题，对处理区内粮温，水分无大的影响，人工、耗电量、药剂用量大大降低。该机可用于熏蒸、整仓通风和新仓干燥。     

多功能人力机具驱动机构曲柄最佳值的选取

在山区和丘陵地区,农业生产和农产品加工所需的人力多功能机具的研究中,对驱动机构进行了计算机优化设计,并得出了一组驱动机构的优化尺寸。为此,在这一组优化了的驱动机构尺寸基础上,就曲柄变化对设计尺寸、设计要求以及设计功能的影响,进行了全面的理论分析和实际验算,从而得出在驱动机构设计时,曲柄应该选取最大值的结论,但是曲柄最大值不能超过65mm。