Silage and total mixed ration hygienic quality on commercial farms: implications for animal production

Implications of silage hygienic quality for animal production were investigated on forty‐five dairy farms in South West England. Samples of grass and maize silages and of total mixed rations (TMR) were obtained together with information on silage technology, herd size and animal production. Samples were analysed for mycotoxins, bacteria, yeasts, moulds and chemical composition. Thirteen mycotoxins were assayed, but none were detected in the samples of grass silage. However, mycotoxins were found in 0·9 of all maize and other silage samples, with deoxynivalenol and zearalenone predominating. There was no relationship between total mycotoxin concentration and mean lactation milk yield per cow. Enterobacteria counts tended to be higher in maize silage than in grass silage and higher still in TMR – a cause for concern. There were no relationships between mould counts and mycotoxin concentrations in silages, implying that mycotoxins may have been produced in the field pre‐ensiling.     

盐碱复合胁迫对白茎盐生草种子萌发的影响

为了解盐碱胁迫对种子萌发的影响，本研究以白茎盐生草(Halogeton arachnoideus)为研究对象，采用室内模拟试验，以盐分种类和盐浓度为控制因素，按照NaCl ? Na2SO4 ? NaHCO3 ? Na2CO3的顺序，以A (1 ? 1 ? 0 ? 0)、B (1 ? 2 ? 1 ? 0)、C (1 ? 9 ? 9 ? 1)、D (1 ? 1 ? 1 ? 1)、E (9 ? 1 ? 1 ? 9) 5种不同比例进行混合，共5个组别，记为A－E；每个组别分为6个浓度，共30个处理，研究盐碱复合胁迫对其种子萌发的影响。结果表明：随着盐溶液浓度的升高，种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数均呈下降趋势；将盐溶液中未萌发的种子转移到蒸馏水中后，种子可以不同程度地恢复萌发。经过回归分析得出，A－E的耐盐阈值依次为0.26、0.24、0.23、0.25、0.16 mol·L?1，耐盐极限值分别为0.65、0.62、0.62、0.60、0.52 mol·L?1；聚类分析得出，A－E的耐盐阈值依次为0.3、0.2、0.3、0.3、0.1 mol·L?1。对回归与聚类分析结果取均值，得出白茎盐生草种子萌发在盐碱复合胁迫下的耐盐阈值为0.234 mol·L?1，耐盐极限值为0.602 mol·L?1。盐分浓度对种子萌发的影响大于盐分种类。相较于碱性盐，白茎盐生草更耐受中性盐环境。     

Sap flow characteristics and physiological adjustments of two dominant tree species in pure and mixed plantations in the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China

It is essential to understand the water consumption characteristics and physiological adjustments of tree species under drought conditions, as well as the effects of pure and mixed plantations on these characteristics in semi-arid regions. In this study, the normalized sap flow (SF_n), leaf water potential, stomatal conductance (g_s), and photosynthetic rate (P_r) were monitored for two dominant species, i.e., Pinus tabuliformis and Hippophae rhamnoides, in both pure and mixed plantations in a semi-arid region of Chinese Loess Plateau. A threshold-delay model showed that the lower rainfall thresholds (R^L) for P. tabuliformis and H. rhamnoides in pure plantations were 9.6 and 11.0 mm, respectively, and the time lags (τ) after rainfall were 1.15 and 1.76 d for corresponding species, respectively. The results indicated that P. tabuliformis was more sensitive to rainfall pulse than H. rhamnoides. In addition, strong stomatal control allowed P. tabuliformis to experience low g_s and P_r in response to drought, while maintaining a high midday leaf water potential (Ψ_m). However, H. rhamnoides maintained high g_s and P_r at a low Ψ_m expense. Therefore, P. tabuliformis and H. rhamnoides can be considered as isohydric and anisohydric species, respectively. In mixed plantation, the values of R^L for P. tabuliformis and H. rhamnoides were 6.5 and 8.9 mm, respectively; and the values of τ were 0.86 and 1.61 d for corresponding species, respectively, which implied that mixed afforestation enhanced the rainfall pulse sensitivity for both two species, especially for P. tabuliformis. In addition, mixed afforestation significantly reduced SF_n, g_s, and P_r for P. tabuliformis (P<0.05), while maintaining a high leaf water potential status. However, no significant effect of mixed afforestation of H. rhamnoides was observed at the expense of leaf water potential status in response to drought. Although inconsistent physiological responses were adopted by these species, the altered water consumption characteristics, especially for P. tabuliformis indicated that the mixed afforestation requires further investigation.     

不同育苗基质下咖啡种间嫁接苗生长及光合特性

以大粒种咖啡（Caffea liberica）1号为砧木、中粒种咖啡（Caffea canephora）热研1号高产无性系为接穗形成种间嫁接苗,以棕榈叶+表土、棕榈叶+椰糠和椰糠+表土不同比例配置基质,比较不同处理下嫁接苗的根系形态、光合特性、生物量及苗木质量指数,筛选适宜育苗基质。结果表明：以棕榈叶+表土体积比1:0（M1）、7:3（M2）、1:1（M3）处理植株根尖数、净光合速率（P_n）、总生物量及苗木质量指数较高,较常规育苗配比（CK）,M1处理分别提高98.17%、25.88%、159.54%和142.86%,M2处理分别提高122.99%、39.11%、162.61%和151.40%,M3处理分别提高157.18%、40.47%、194.22%和214.29%,增幅均达显著水平,各处理植株根系形态指标、净光合速率、总生物量、苗木质量指数间呈极显著正相关。因此,M1、M2和M3处理混配基质均能较好的满足咖啡种间嫁接苗生长需要,建议推广应用。     

秋浦花鳜多元养殖模式关键技术

秋浦花鳜是安徽地方水产优良养殖品种。基于当前秋浦花鳜主要的养殖模式,对相关技术要点进行总结,系统归纳了秋浦花鳜池塘主养、混养,网箱养殖,以及大水面增养殖等多元养殖模式及其关键技术。在不同的养殖模式下,秋浦花鳜均表现出优异的适应性,经济价值及社会价值,可进一步示范应用。     

凤庆茶叶种植与混林茶园生态系统研究

中国云南是世界茶树的原产地,而云南省凤庆县又是滇红的诞生地,具有悠久的茶树栽培种植历史,其混林茶园生态系统也具有较高的研究价值。本文通过对其茶叶种植史和混林茶园生态系统进行梳理和研究,厘清凤庆县茶叶种植的历史发展脉络,挖掘凤庆混林茶园生态系统的优势及其应用价值。     

红锥4种林型土壤理化性质及微生物量差异分析

【目的】研究广西国有高峰林场不同红锥人工林对土壤理化性质及微生物生物量的影响,旨在为该区红锥人工林合理经营和持续生产发展提供科学依据。【方法】以红锥纯林、红锥+湿地松混交林、红锥+米老排混交林、红锥+火力楠混交林4种红锥林型人工林0~60 cm土层为研究对象,分析4种红锥林型的土壤理化性质和微生物生物量差异以及变化规律。【结果】4种林型3个土层(0~20、20~40、40~60 cm)间土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、容重(ρb)、含水率(θg)以及微生物生物量碳(MBC)和微生物生物量氮(MBN)均差异显著,且随着土层深度的增加,4种林型的SOC、TN、全磷(TP)、θg均表现为逐渐降低,ρb表现为逐渐增大。0~60 cm土层4种林型间SOC、TN、TP、θg、pH值、ρb均差异极显著。其中红锥+米老排混交林土壤SOC、TN、TP、θg和MBC、MBN均最大,pH值和ρb最小;红锥纯林土壤SOC、TN、TP和MBC、MBN均最小,pH值和ρb最大。相关分析表明,MBC与SOC、TP呈显著正相关,与ρb呈显著负相关;MBN与SOC、TN、TP呈显著正相关,与ρb呈显著负相关;SOC、TN、TP与ρb呈显著负相关。【结论】红锥混交林能够有效提高土壤养分,改善土壤质地,且红锥阔叶混交林较红锥针阔混交林的效果更佳。     

青钱柳红豆杉混交造林技术试验

进行了青钱柳红豆杉混交林、纯林造林技术试验。经过3年经营管理,对林木生长量进行了调查,幼林林木生长良好。结果显示:青钱柳红豆杉混交林幼林林木生长量,比青钱柳、红豆杉纯林幼林林木树高大于2.89%、29.66%,平均胸径粗于17.07%、23.08%,平均树冠宽于6.02%、19.72%。     

Intercropping fenugreek (Trigonella foenum‐graecum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) with and without biochar: Tests along a competition gradient

Integrating soil amendment biochar to legume‐based intercropping systems may amplify the intercropping benefits and lead to more sustainable production due to its positive effects on the soil physicochemical and biological environment. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum‐graecum) is a legume used in an intercropping system in several countries in Southern Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. A barley cultivar and an Iranian fenugreek ecotype were studied in two replacement series experiments to find the best combination of the two species as well as the effect of adding biochar to the soil. Fenugreek and barley were grown in 4‐L pots in five density combinations (20:0, 15:5, 10:10, 5:15, 0:20) with and without application of biochar in sandy loam soil. The biomass, nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) amount of the two crops were measured fifty days after sowing, and the Relative Yield Total (RYT) was estimated. Our results showed that biochar application resulted in a higher total biomass, N and C amount in all combinations of fenugreek and barley. Total biomass was increased by biochar 19.2% when fenugreek was grown alone and 8.1 and 12.9% in series with 25 and 50% barley when biochar was added, respectively. Biochar increased dry matter, N and C accumulation in both crop species in the mixtures. An exception was the C amount of barley which was not influenced by biochar in intercropping. RYT values were largest for biomass, C and N amount in mixtures with 15 fenugreek plants per pot and 5 barley plants per pot corresponding to approximately 400 fenugreek plants per m mixed with 130 barley plants per m². Biochar application increased RYT of the total dry weight by 2.7 and 5.5% in mixtures of 25 and 50% barley plants, RYT of the total nitrogen by 0.8% in mixtures with 25% barley plants, and RYT of the total carbon by 2.7 and 6.6% in mixtures with 25 and 50% barley plants. The RYT values declined with increasing number of barley plants as a result of a less competitive ability of fenugreek when growing in high barley densities. The yield was highest with intercropping but monoculture of barley also resulted in high yields. The total highest yield was found when approximately 130 fenugreek plants per m² were mixed with 400 barley plants per m². Mixtures with 75% fenugreek and 25% barley obtained RYT values larger than 1 for biomass, carbon and nitrogen percentages.