广东菜心、芥蓝研究现状与展望

菜心和芥蓝是广东省重要的叶菜类蔬菜,具有种植面积大、复种指数高和市场需求量大的特点,其营养价值高,风味独特,已经成为人们日常饮食中必不可少的蔬菜种类。广东省是菜心和芥蓝秋冬季节的主产区。随着我国北方夏季种植区域的扩大,消费者对叶菜类蔬菜商品性和品质的需求提高,对现有品种的产量、适应性、抗性和风味物质含量等提出了新的要求。通过对种质资源的收集、保存和挖掘,广东省内各科研单位对菜心和芥蓝进行了大量的育种和分子生物学研究工作,促进了品种从常规种到杂交种的更替,也为未来分子育种打下了基础。而广东省菜心和芥蓝在实际生产中依然面临一些问题,需要从品种本身特性和挖掘优异种质资源上进行突破,利用现代生物技术与常规杂交育种技术相结合,提升品种在抗性、品质和适应性等方面的不足。综述了广东省菜心和芥蓝的研究历史、种质资源收集情况、分子生物学研究和产业发展现状,以期为广东省叶菜类蔬菜产业发展提供参考。     

海水经济鱼类遗传育种研究进展

近二三十年来，海水养殖方式与设备的不断发展与完善，促进了海水养殖业的发展。但是，由于海水经济鱼类缺乏优良品种，大多数养殖种类为野生种或半野生种，许多养殖种群在累代繁殖后，出现品质退化、生长速度慢、发病率高等不良症状，严重地阻碍着海水经济鱼类养殖业的发展。因此，近年来，世界各国纷纷加强海水鱼类的遗传育种研究工作，     

甜柿种质资源与育种研究进展

本文概述中国甜柿资源的分布情况,及对全国原生甜柿品种分类进行研究;阐述当前国内外甜柿育种的主要手段,并对未来甜柿育种的研究方向及甜柿产业的发展进行了展望。     

农业职业院校课程设置与改革的建议

农业职业院校主要任务是为地方社会经济发展培养高素质的农业技能人才。为服务于区域社会经济发展,培养专业技能人才,以黑龙江农业职业技术学院生物技术专业为例,分析了生物技术专业课程设置方面存在的问题,如课程数量多、难度大和课时分配不合理等,并提出了改革的相关建议与措施,以期形成具有特色的课程设置,培养适用于区域经济发展的合格人才。     

独立学院生物技术综合实验教学改革的探索与实践

对独立学院生物技术综合实验课程的教学内容体系、教学模式、实验考核体系等方面存在的问题进行了分析,采取了相关的改革措施,并取得了一定的成效,为独立学院的实验教学提供有益参考。     

The Economics of Horticultural Biotechnology

Abstract

Technological change has driven economic progress in agriculture and will continue to play a crucial role in die 21st century. The latest wave of technological change in agriculture is based on die ability to specifically modify crop genetics dirough recombinant DNA techniques. Biotech crop varieties have been adopted on a wide scale in some agronomic crops, but horticultural crops face hurdles for commercialization. Market barriers are blocking die production of biotech horticultural crops diat have already been developed. High costs for research, development and regulatory approval combined with the small acreages planted and the diversity of varieties limit die potential for profitable applications of biotechnology for many fruits and vegetables, tree fruits and nuts, and nursery and landscape crops. Like most technological changes in agriculture, die introduction of modern biotechnology has met with spirited political opposition from some quarters. Such opposition could discourage adoption of biotech products that are wanted by some consumers, can be profitable for growers and could reduce the environmental impacts of crop production.     

The Experimental and Commercial Release of Transgenic Crop Plants

With advances in recombinant DNA methods and transformation procedures, it is possible to transfer genes into crop plants from unrelated plants, microbes and animals. Many of the modifications being carried out, or envisaged, are for disease and pest resistance, product quality and tolerance to environmental stress, but there are additional opportunities to modify crops to give specialized products for industrial or pharmaceutical use. Some of the characteristics of transgenic plants are considered, including: transgene copy number, position, expression, stability, pleiotropy, selectable marker genes and somaclonal variation. There have been several hundreds of field trials with transgenic plants, and the first transgenic varieties are likely to be approved for commercial production in 1993. Before releasing transgenic plants, it is necessary to carry out a risk assessment to determine whether the transgenic variety will behave differently from a conventionally bred variety. Assessment procedures are being harmonized internationally by various organizations. There is a growing commitment to apply these genetic modification methods to crops in developing countries, as genes relevant to their crops and environments become available.     

Genetic characterization of banana cultivars (Musa spp.) from Brazil using microsatellite markers

Flavonoids, in particular the anthocyanins,are responsible for flower colour in manyspecies. The dihydroflavonols represent abranch point in flavonoid biosynthesis,being the intermediates for production ofboth the coloured anthocyanins, through theaction of the enzyme dihydroflavonol4-reductase (DFR), and the colourlessflavonols, produced by flavonol synthase(FLS). In this study the white-flowered,flavonol accumulating Mitchell line ofpetunia was used as a model to examine theinteraction between DFR and FLS enzymeactivities and possibilities forredirecting flavonoid biosynthesis awayfrom production of flavonols and towardsanthocyanins. Introduction of a 35SCaMV-DFR sense transgene construct causedthe production of anthocyanins, resultingin a pink-flowered phenotype. Furthermore,inhibition of FLS production throughintroduction of an FLS antisense RNAconstruct also led to anthocyaninproduction and a pink-flowered phenotype. A combination of both transgenes gave thehighest level of anthocyanin formation. Anthocyanins were produced in the DFR-senseand FLS-antisense transgenic lines in spiteof the greatly reduced levels of geneexpression in the Mitchell line for threeenzymes late in anthocyanin biosynthesis,anthocyanindin synthase, UDP-glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase andUDP-rhamnose: anthocyanidin-3-glucosiderhamnosyltransferase. Thus, the level ofgene activity required for visibleanthocyanin formation is much lower thanthe high levels normally induced duringpetal development. Altering the balancebetween the DFR and FLS enzyme activities,using genetic modification, may be a usefulstrategy for introducing or increasinganthocyanin production in target ornamentalspecies.     

生物技术在牧草育种中的应用

综述了近20年来生物技术在牧草育种中的主要研究进展.包括植物细胞和组织培养在牧草种质资源保存、体细胞杂交和胚抢救技术在克服种间杂交障碍、分子标记和转基因技术在牧草品质改良、抗病虫、抗逆性育种和作为生物反应器等方面的应用前景.