柱花草的研究进展

综述了柱花草的炭疽病危害、炭疽病原菌的遗传多态性及流行性、柱花草的抗炭疽育种、细胞遗传学、细胞生物学、柱花草组织培养、原生质融合、基因克隆、遗传转化、柱花草分类、分子标记、航天辐射育种等方面的研究进展。     

我国林业可持续发展与生物技术革命

林业建设在社会、经济和生态发展中具有重要的战略地位.文章提出科技创新是林业可持续发展的技术保证,介绍了现代生物技术在林业可持续发展中的应用和成果.     

杂交水稻育种材料和方法研究的现状及发展趋势

概要总结了近年来国内外在杂交水稻育种材料和方法研究方面的进展,分析了存在的主要问题和讨论了今后的发展趋势。内容包括现有不育系的改良,新不育质源的发掘,高配合力恢复系的选育和杂种优势形成机理及超高产育种探索等。指出以生物技术与常规育种技术相结合创制新的育种材料和探索新的育种方法是21世纪杂交水稻发展的方向。     

迎接生物经济浪潮与热带农业科技创新

21世纪上半叶,一场由生物技术推动的科技革命和产业革命,将在全球爆发,其影响将是人类历史上任何一次产业革命都不可比拟的。各国都开始纷纷抢占这一战略高地。生物经济时代距离我们已不再遥远。生物技术产业具有资源、技术依赖性强、市场垄断性差等特点,为发展中国家特别是资源丰富、技术基础相对落后的国家．带来跨越式发展的历史性机遇。热带农业发展与生物技术进步密切相关,应用现代生物技术提升热带农业是迎接生物经济浪潮的必然要求。     

Review: Resistance as a concomitant of modern crop protection

This paper reviews the impact of resistance to fungicides and insecticides/acaricides on the way crop protection is practised. It is now clear that resistance can develop to virtually any crop-protection product, in any pest, fungal pathogen or even weed. As a limiting factor in crop protection, it is a fact of life. A positive side-effect is the precision with which products are used today, with increasing implementation of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programmes. This is a vital step towards sustainability. This paper describes: past experiences; current status of resistance; how resistance management influences current crop protection practices; regulatory aspects; and the outlook for the future. It concludes that EU regulations on resistance management must be simple and workable. Chemicals will continue to have a central role in optimising yields from the world's crops, as new tools, including biotechnology, become available for crop protection and resistance management. The crop-protection industry's innovations and product stewardship programmes will contribute to sustainable agriculture. This will provide continued benefits to users, the environment and society. ©1997 SCI     

Food safety assessment of crops engineered with RNA interference and other methods to modulate expression of endogenous and plant pest genes

Genetically modified crops have been grown commercially for more than two decades. Some of these crops have been modified with genetic constructs that induce gene silencing through RNA interference (RNAi). The targets for this silencing action are genes, either specific endogenous ones of the host plant or those of particular pests or pathogens infesting these plants. Recently emerging new genetic tools enable precise DNA edits with the same silencing effect and have also increased our knowledge and insights into the mechanisms of RNAi. For the assessment of the safety of foodstuffs from crops modified with RNAi, internationally harmonized principles for risk assessment of foods derived from genetically modified crops can be followed. Special considerations may apply to the newly expressed silencing RNA molecules, such as their possible uptake by consumers and interference with expression of host genes, which, however, would need to overcome many barriers. Bioinformatics tools aid the prediction of possible interference by a given RNA molecule with the expression of genes with homologous sequences in the host crop and in other organisms, or possible off‐target edits in gene‐edited crops. © 2020 The Author. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

Food Safety Considerations for CGIAR Research

ABSTRACT

In view of the CGIAR's identification of food safety as an area requiring priority attention to safeguard the economic interests of smallholder farmers and the poor, this paper aims to provide a general overview of the level of research and development attention accorded by the scientific and development community to this theme. This baseline survey of work undertaken exposes the nature of the problem; the food safety situation of the poor; food safety concerns in technology and policy research in the CGIAR; the role of capacity-building; and, subsequently, attempts to provide pointers to the CGIAR research community along which it could proceed. It is clear that within the CGIAR System, there has been no set strategy to provide guidance on the topic, and that work done to date has been largely of an ad hoc nature. The formulation of a strategic framework to guide the incorporation of food safety considerations in CGIAR research is now essential and would prevent duplication, capture synergies from the currently isolated activities and promote greater efficiency.     

Progress in Plant Salinity Resistance Research: Need for an Integrative Paradigm

SUMMARY

Population pressure, shortage of good arable land and good quality waters are forcing crop production into more marginal environments facing abiotic stresses (drought and salinity) and thereby limiting the adaptation and productivity of staple food crops. The situation is assuming serious proportion, as almost half of the existing irrigation system of the world is under the influence of secondary salinity, sodicity or waterlogging. Therefore, to maintain productivity of existing arable land, the sustainability of the agricultural and irrigation systems that has been generated at a huge cost, is more important than immediate increases in yield. Much work done in the last century in several countries has increased our understanding of the genetics and physiology of salt tolerance of plants. Crop responses to salt stress are made up of a number of complex and interrelated, morphological, physiological, and biochemical processes. However, we still do not have a complete understanding of the underlying mechanisms of salt tolerance. The multigenic, quantitative nature of salt tolerance imposes several limitations on the efforts to improve salt tolerance of plants. The biological approach to tackle problems of salinity has its critics as well as advocates. Identification and development of crops and their cultivars with improved salt tolerance has been the key to improve productivity. Efforts in this direction using traditional methods of plant breeding and modern tools of biotechnology have led to the development and release of many cultivars with improved salt tolerance at the global level. Many of these superior cultivars have yet to prove their worth in actual stress situations. Integrative approaches in this direction, including the frontier areas of plant molecular biology have been discussed. In view of the enormity of the situation and immense challenges involved, efforts in this direction have to be more focused and multidisciplinary in approach. This should receive much higher priority and resources from scientists, administrators, and policy makers.     

胡萝卜抗冻蛋白的快速大量突变及原核表达

胡萝卜抗冻(DcAFP)具有典型的LRR特征,由约24个氨基酸残基组成重复单元,其中的保守基序是:P×××××L××L××L×LS×N×L×G×I,其中的保守天冬酰胺在与冰晶表面结合中起着关键的作用．为了探明该关键氨基酸对DcAFP重要性,需要对其进行一系列突变,以检测这些突变体的热滞可能发生的变化,而这需要构建大量的突变体．基于此,采用定点突变技术对该基序中保守的天冬酰胺进行了一系列的疏水性缬氨酸突变和亲水性的谷氨酰胺突变,并将这一系列突变体克隆至原核表达载体pET-11a中,在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中进行了高效表达与初步纯化,为后续测定其热滞活性的变化和验证天冬酰胺的重要性打下了基础．     

大果榉未成熟胚愈伤组织的诱导和植株再生

将大果榉的未成熟胚培养在不同植物激素种类和浓度的术本植物培养基(WPM)上产生愈伤组织,然后将愈伤组织接种在芽的诱导培养基上形成不定芽,不定芽在生根培养基上生根形成完整植株．结果表明:大果榉愈伤组织诱导的适合培养基为WPM附加BA 1．0 mg·L-1+NAA 1．0 mg·L-1,诱导事为59．1％;不定芽的分化培养基为在WPM+NAA 0．5 mg·L-1+6．BA 2．0 mg·L-1,不定芽的诱导率为71．1％,在WPM+BA2．5 mg·L-1+NAA1．0 mg·L-1的培养基种芽分化的平均数未为5．21±1．02;生根培养基以WPM+0．1 mg·L-1 IBA的效果量好,生根率可达63．33％,平均最多生根条数为．再生植株在温室适应培养的存活率为92％．