镉低积累小麦品种的筛选研究

低吸收重金属作物品种的筛选已经成为重金属污染农田的主要修复方式之一。【目的】筛选镉低积累冬小麦品种。【方法】针对华北平原种植结构,于2017年10月15日在河南省北部某地区进行田间小区试验,采用人工拉沟点播方式播种。研究了47个不同品种冬小麦对重金属镉吸收的差异性。【结果】重金属镉在不同品种冬小麦各部位的量的顺序均为根>茎叶>籽粒,且镉的转运系数和富集系数均小于1,转运系数介于0.10～0.60之间,富集系数介于0.002～0.060之间。不同品种冬小麦籽粒中重金属含镉量介于0.004～0.130之间,相差35.28倍。筛选出籽粒含镉量符合国家标准(GB2715—2016,≤0.10 mg/kg)的品种42个,占所有品种的89.36%,有5个品种籽粒含镉量超过国家标准。冬小麦不同品种间对镉的吸收显示出巨大的差异性。【结论】在重金属镉轻度污染碱性土壤条件下,多数冬小麦品种籽粒含镉量并未超标。     

土壤镉污染北方小麦生产阈值及产区划分初探

本研究在从我国北方6个小麦产区的农田点对点收集了147对土壤和小麦样品的基础上,分析了土壤样品的pH、Cd含量、有机质(SOM)、阳离子交换量(CEC)、黏粒含量(Clay)及小麦籽粒的Cd含量,并通过线性相关与多元回归方法分析土壤性质与小麦籽粒Cd富集系数(BCF)之间的定量关系。同时,利用物种敏感度分布法对小麦宜产、限产和禁产区进行了划分,并以保护不同比例小麦安全生产反推出了各划分区的土壤Cd含量安全生产阈值。结果表明,研究区域的农田土壤和小麦生产均存在一定的安全风险,土壤Cd超标率95.1%,小麦籽粒Cd超标率47.6%。除CEC外,土壤pH、SOM和Clay含量均与BCF呈显著相关,相关系数分别为-0.18(P0.05)、0.14(P0.05)和-0.53(P0.01)。由土壤pH、SOM和Clay含量3个变量所建立的回归模型可解释54%的BCF变异。基于北方小麦产区土壤的性质特征,设定3种典型情景,即当土壤6.5≤pH7.5(SOM=15 g·kg~(-1),Clay=20%)、7.5≤pH8.5(SOM=30 g·kg~(-1),Clay=20%)和pH≥8.5(SOM=20 g·kg~(-1),Clay=20%)时,小麦宜产区土壤Cd阈值分别为0.33、0.41mg·kg~(-1)和0.64 mg·kg~(-1);禁产区阈值为1.93、2.51 mg·kg~(-1)和2.61 mg·kg~(-1);土壤Cd含量在宜产区阈值和禁产区阈值之间即可划分为小麦限产区。     

紫湖溪流域重金属污染风险与植物富集特征

土壤重金属污染已成为当今农业与环境领域关注的热点。为揭示紫湖溪流域重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn)污染状况,该研究测定与分析了紫湖溪水体、河底淤泥和河岸土壤以及9种河岸植物的重金属含量,利用污染指数法系统评估其污染状况,进而筛选出具有富集与修复重金属污染潜力的植物。结果表明,紫湖溪水体中Cd与Mn严重超标;河底淤泥中Cd、Zn和Cu污染严重,重金属潜在生态风险:ZnCdCuPbAsNiCrMn;河岸土壤受污水与底泥泛滥影响,土壤重金属间呈显著正相关性,其中,Cd、Zn和Cu重度污染;9种优势植物对重金属的选择性吸收导致其对Cd、Cr和Pb的富集系数(BCF,bioconcentration factor)偏低,转移系数(TF,translocation factor)均小于1,表现出根部囤积型特征。早熟禾、灰绿藜和枸杞对重金属的吸收具有抵抗性,湿地生态型植物水花生与猫爪草对富集重金属具有独特优势,构树对多种重金属较强的富集与转移能力暗示了该木本植物在重金属修复技术领域的巨大应用前景。     

城市污泥农用对植物和土壤中有机污染物的影响

应用GC和HPLC检测技术对施用城市污泥盆栽不同植物（雪韭、三叶草和紫花苜蓿）后的植物和土壤中的4种有机污染物（多氯联苯、有机氯农药、菲和苯并[a]笼）进行了系统分析，探讨不同植株、根系和土壤中有机污染物的含量变化情况。结果表明。供试植株、根系和土壤中均检出多氯联苯（PCBs）、有机氯农药（OCPs）和多环芳烃（菲和苯并[a]芘）等3类共19种有机化合物，其中均以OCPs、PCBs和菲（PA）为主。施用污泥不同程度地增加了大部分处理植物和土壤中PcBs、OCPs和PAHs（PA和B[a]P）等的含量。强致癌性化合物苯并[a]芘在各处理植株和根系中均被少量检出，在土壤中的检出量远远低于加拿大土壤质量控制标准（0．1mg·kg^-1），仅个别处理高于荷兰污染土壤治理标准的目标值（0．025mg·kg^-1）。菲在土壤、植株和根系中的检出量均大大高于苯并[a]芘，在部分土壤中的检出量超过加拿大和荷兰土壤质量控制标准（0．1和0．045mg·kg^-1）。除个别污泥处理的不同植物对有机氯农药和多环芳烃类（菲）的生物浓缩系数（BCF）小于1．0、多环芳烃类（苯并[a]芘）大部分小于1．0外．其余均大于1．0。     

施砷量对烟草生长的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了施砷量对不同时期烟草农艺性状、烟叶中砷含量、富集系数、烟叶干重及砷在烟草中不同部位砷的影响,结果表明,低浓度对烟草生长就有一定的促进作用,而高浓度对烟草生长产生抑制作用;各处理在旺长期的富集系数最高,根和茎中砷含量最高,而成熟期时烟叶中的砷含量最高,表明砷由根和茎向叶发生了转移。     

Single and Combined Effects of Cadmium and Zinc on Carrots: Uptake and Bioaccumulation

ABSTRACT

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn), singly and in combination, on uptake and bioaccumulation of Cd and Zn in Daucus carota L. (carrot) grown under natural field conditions. Carrot plants were treated with two Cd concentrations (10 and 100 μg mL^?1), two Zn concentrations (100 and 300 μg mL^?1), and two combined concentrations of Cd and Zn (10 + 100 and 100 + 300 μg mL^?1) 15 d after seed germination. Treatments were repeated at 10 d intervals up to 90 d of plant age. A control was also kept without a Cd or Zn treatment. Uptake, total accumulation rate (TAR), bioconcentration factor (BCF), primary transport index (PTI), secondary transport index (STI), and accumulation of Cd and Zn in root, stem, and leaf were quantified. The results show that uptake, TAR, and accumulation of Cd and Zn are concentration-dependent phenomena. Highest accumulation of Cd and Zn was found in the root, followed by the stem and then leaves. The results also showed that bioaccumulation of Cd in root, stem, and leaf was greater at the low metal-application rates of Cd and Zn in combination than at the higher rate. This study further showed that interactions of Zn and Cd are dependent on the concentrations of those metals in the soil.     

在法国前铅和锌冶炼厂附近的城市土壤重金属的污染、分离和利用

smelters in Northern France were studied by analysing the chemical forms of these metals and evaluating their phytoavailability. These metals were determined using flame or electrothermal absorption atomic spectrometry （FAAS or ETAAS）, depending on their concentration levels. After optimisation of the ETAAS method, characteristic mass of In in water and aqua regia were 9.9 and 18 pg, respectively, showing the high sensitivity of the analytical Soil contamination by metals from anthropogenic activities （e.g., mining and smelting） is a major concern for the environment and human health. Environmental availability of cadmium （Cd）, lead （Pb）, zinc （Zn）, copper （Cu）, and indium （In） in 27 urban soils located around two former Pb and Zn smelters in Northern France were studied by analysing the chemical forms of these metals and evaluating their phytoavailability. These metals were determined using flame or electrothermal absorption atomic spectrometry （FAAS or ETAAS）, depending on their concentration levels. After optimisation of the ETAAS method, characteristic mass of In in water and aqua regia were 9.9 and 18 pg, respectively, showing the high sensitivity of the analytical procedure. Metal partitioning was conducted using a four-step sequential extraction procedure. The results showed that Cd and Zn were mainly in the acid-extractable and reducible forms in the urban soils studied. In contrast, Pb and In were largely in the reducible fraction. However, in some samples, the amount of In extracted in the residual or exchangeable fraction was higher than that in the reducible fraction. Copper was mainly found in the reducible and residual fractions. A pot experiment was conducted in a glasshouse with seven soils （six contaminated and one uncontaminated） and two plant species, ryegrass and lettuce. The results showed transfer of metals from the contaminated soils to the shoots of ryegrass and the edible part of lettuce. The metal bioconcentration factor was in the order of Cd Cu > In > Zn Pb for lettuce leaves, whereas for ryegrass shoots, three orders were found, Cd > Zn > Cu In > Pb, Cd ≥ In > Zn > Cu Pb, and Zn > Cd > Cu > In > Pb, depending on the physico-chemical properties of the soils, such as pH, cation exchange capacity, carbonates, and organic matter. It was established that the metal toxicity was related to the contamination levels and the physico-chemical properties, including pH, organic matter, and in a lesser extent, Ca, Mg, and phosphorus contents, of the soils. However, it was shown that lettuce could grow on soils having high Cd and CaCO₃ contents. Cadmium was one of the most available metals while Pb was always the least available in the soils studied.     

镉在两种菊芋品种中的吸收与转移特性研究

Jerusalem artichoke(Helianthus tuberosus L.) not just can be used for bioethanol production but may be potentially used in phytoremediation for the removal of heavy metal pollutants.Two Jerusalem artichoke cultivars,N2 and N5,were subjected to six cadmium(Cd) concentrations(0,5,25,50,100 and 200 mg L1) to investigate Cd tolerance and accumulation.After 21 days of growth,the effects of Cd on growth,chlorophyll content,net photosynthetic rate,intercellular CO2 concentration and malondialdehyde content were evaluated.Most growth parameters were reduced under Cd stress.The two Jerusalem artichoke cultivars had relatively high Cd tolerance and accumulation capacity(> 100 mg kg1),with N5 being more tolerant and having higher Cd accumulation than N2.Roots accumulated more Cd than stems and leaves.The bioconcentration factors(far higher than 1) and translocation factors(lower than 1) decreased with an increase in Cd applied.The results suggested that Jerusalem artichoke could be grown at relatively high Cd loads,and N5 could be an excellent candidate for phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated soils.     

海湾扇贝养殖区海水水质及扇贝体内Cu、Zn富集分析

海水水质直接影响养殖业发展及海洋产品品质,受到越来越越多关注。为了解扇贝养殖区域海水水质状况及对扇贝品质的影响,采用分期取样的方法,在莱州湾某扇贝养殖区采集表层海水样品,以非养殖区为对照,分析其pH、营养盐、COD、Cu及Zn含量。同时,采集扇贝幼体、成体,分析Cu、Zn在闭壳肌（贝柱）中蓄积。结果表明,研究区域海水中无机氮含量较高,接近0.30 mg/L,不同时间其含量和组成差异显著,10月海水中无机氮以硝态氮为主,含量极显著高于以氨态氮为主的6月(P<0.01)。不同时间,不同采样点海水中无机磷含量均小于0.02 mg/L,差异不显著。COD、Cu及Zn含量均为6月显著高于10月(P<0.05),未超出二类海水水质标准值。COD、Cu及Zn三者间呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),表明它们可能来自同一污染源。扇贝对Cu、Zn的富集能力较强,对Zn富集能力大于Cu。尽管扇贝闭壳肌中Cu、Zn含量在相关标准值之内,但Cu、Zn富集程度分别达到了1.06、0.821,所以,扇贝养殖过程中Cu、Zn等重金属在体内蓄积应引起更多关注。