我国草坪线虫2个新纪录种的记述

对江苏淮安地区草坪根际线虫种类进行调查,鉴定出我国草坪上2个植物寄生线虫新纪录种:粗尾矮化线虫(Tylenchorhynchus crassicaudatusWilliams,1960)和假强壮螺旋线虫(Helicoty-lenchus pseudorobustusGolden,1956)。     

抗大豆孢囊线虫病相关基因RAPD标记的获得

对 7个抗孢囊线虫的大豆材料和 10个感孢囊线虫的大豆品种的基因组DNA进行了RAPD分析 ,获得了 5个与大豆孢囊线虫病抗性相关的DNA片段 ,这些RAPD标记具有较高的重复性和稳定性 ,可辅助抗大豆孢囊线虫病大豆新品种的选育     

High level of treatment failure with commonly used anthelmintics on Irish sheep farms

Background

In 2013 a Technology Adoption Program for sheep farmers was established to encourage the implementation of best management practices on sheep farms in Ireland. There were 4,500 participants in this programme in 2013. As part of this programme, farmers had the option to carry out a drench test to establish the efficacy of their anthelmintic treatment.

Results

Flock faecal samples were collected before and after treatment administration and gastrointestinal nematode eggs enumerated. In total there were 1,893 participants in the task, however only 1,585 included both a pre- and post-treatment faecal sample. Of those, 1,308 provided information on the anthelmintic product that they used with 46%, 23% and 28% using a benzimidazole (BZ), levamisole (LEV) and macrocyclic lactone (ML) product respectively. The remaining farmers used a product inapplicable for inclusion in the task such as a flukicide or BZ/LEV combination product. Samples were included for analysis of drench efficacy if the pre-treatment flock egg count was ≥200 eggs per gram and the interval post-sampling was 10–14 days for BZ products, 4–7 days for LEV products and 14–18 days for ML products. These criteria reduced the number of valid tests to 369, 19.5% of all tests conducted. If the reduction post-treatment was ≥95% the treatment was considered effective. Only 51% of treatments were considered effective using this criterion. There was a significant difference in efficacy between the anthelmintic drug classes with BZ effective in only 30% of treatments, LEV effective in 52% of cases and ML effective in 76% of cases.

Conclusions

Gastrointestinal nematode anthelmintic treatments, as practiced on Irish farms, have a high failure rate. There was a significant difference between the efficacies of the anthelmintic classes with BZ the least effective and ML the most effective.     

Histopathological changes induced by Meloidogyne incognita in some ornamental plants

Histopathological changes induced by the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) in five ornamental plants, specifically, Calendula (Calendula officinalis), Centaurea (Centaurea montana), Papaver (Papaver somniferum), Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) and Dianthus (Dianthus caryophyllus), were investigated. Based on the galling index (GI), Centaurea was classified as susceptible, Calendula as moderately susceptible, and Papaver as moderately resistant, while Chrysanthemum and Dianthus were highly resistant to M. incognita infection. The histopathology of the galled roots of Centaurea, Calendula, and Papaver during later stages of infection showed that nematodes were localized entirely within the cortex and generally oriented horizontally to the vascular cylinder. Most of the females were mature, and a few of them were associated with egg masses. Giant cells with a variation in cell sizes were observed in the galled roots of all three of the plant species and exhibited a granular cytoplasm and hypertrophied nuclei as a typical reaction to nematode feeding.     

Management of Meloidogyne incognita in yam-based cropping systems with cover crops

The effect of intercropping cover crops was with yam was assessed for nematode management both in pot and field conditions in Nigeria. The cover crops were sown with yams in pots containing sterile soil and inoculated with 5000 eggs of Meloidogyne incognita. In the field, each cover crop was separately intercropped with yams inoculated with 10,000 nematodes. From both pot and field experiments, no nematode damage was observed on yam tubers that were intercropped with Aeschynomene histrix, Crotolaria juncea, and Tagetes erecta. Damage in intercropped tubers was reduced by 72.7% with Mucuna pruriens, Centrosema pubescens, and Pueraria phaseoloides and by 58.3% with Stylosanthes guianensis compared to yams planted without cover crops; they also had lower (p ≤ 0.05) nematode populations. Cajanus cajan, Lablab purpureus and Vigna unguiculata however, supported high nematode populations and led to nematode damage in intercropped yams. Tubers from M. incognita-inoculated plants were more damaged and lost 42% more weight (p ≤ 0.05) following three months of storage than tubers from uninoculated plants. Intercropping yams with selected cover crops can be useful in managing M. incognita without reducing yam yields.     

大豆F_1代群体对孢囊线虫3号优势生理小种抗性遗传

本试验采用两个抗孢囊线虫品系84—783、CN210与当地感病的大豆品种绥农6号配制成84—783×绥农6号和绥农6号×CN210二个组合,在大豆孢囊线虫3号生理小种自然感染条件下,分析这些组合的F2代抗感病植株分离比例。结果表明,84—783、CN210的抗性基因对绥农6号的感病基因是隐性的,三对独立遗传的隐性基因控制84—783×绥农6号和绥农6号×CN210两个组合对大豆孢囊线虫3号生理小种的抗性。     

四川柑桔园线虫种类调查初报

本文报道来自四川省26个县市的78份柑桔园土壤样本的植物线虫种类鉴定结果。共鉴定出16个种,其中新种3个:简阳根结线虫(Meloidogyne jianyangensis Yang,Hu & Chen)、合川沟环线虫(Ogma hechuanensis Hu & Zhu)、陈氏拟盘旋线虫(Rotylenchoides cheni n. sp. )。新纪录1个,即Rotyleachus devonensis Van de Berg。分别介绍了每个种的分类地位和分布地区,并明确柑桔根线虫(Tylenchulus semipenetrans Cobb)和简阳根结线虫可寄生于柑桔,而其他种的寄生性有待观察。     

闽南地区牛,羊消化道8种线虫幼虫的形态观察

取闽南地区牛、羊消化道常见的８种线虫幼虫，对它们进行了形态学观察及比较，以期提供用于生前诊断的参考资料，     

前茬作物对番茄根接线虫和枯萎病发生的影响

前茬作物无论种植芹菜还是种植番茄,本茬作物(番茄)根结线虫病发病率无显著差异,但发病程度差异显著,种植芹菜的大棚,根结线虫病发生明显较轻;番茄枯萎病的发生与根结线虫有同样趋势。说明番茄与芹菜轮作,虽然不能根除根结线虫病的发生,但能明显减轻根结线虫和枯萎病的为害。     

Mitochondrial DNA variation of the dog hookworm Ancylostoma caninum in Brazilian populations

The mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene was partially sequenced for 164 Ancylostoma caninum individuals, originating from five different localities in Brazil, with the aim of describing the genetic diversity and genetic structure of Brazilian hookworm populations. Allelic and nucleotide diversity were moderate (overall h=0.88 and pi=0.016) and were similar among cities. There was moderate genetic differentiation among the populations sampled (approximately Phi(ST)=0.12) and a weak but nonsignificant correlation between geographical and genetic distance. This genetic structure was similar to that observed among populations of the human hookworm, Necator americanus, but distinct from that typically found in trichostrongylid nematode parasites of livestock. Thus, a pattern of different genetic structures among different groups of nematodes is emerging. We also observed a few individuals that had a highly divergent mtDNA sequence (almost 7% sequence divergence from the other sequences). These results in combination with data from other studies suggest that A. caninum populations worldwide consist of a mix of previously differentiated populations, or perhaps even cryptic species. This study contributes to the knowledge of genetic structure and diversity of hookworms, which in turn will be useful in developing methods for their control.