牛羊消化道线虫虫卵永久性玻片制作方法

通过对传统玻片标本制作方法的比较,研究牛、羊消化道线虫虫卵永久性玻片标本制作的最佳方法。采用琼脂糖粉分别配制10和15g/L的水溶液作为介质。载玻片上加入少许玻璃碎渣,用毛细吸管吸取一小滴虫卵液(约10个虫卵)于玻璃渣上,再吸取一滴介质于虫卵上,盖上小盖玻片(10mm×10mm),待介质凝固后,滴树胶并加盖玻片(18mm×18mm)。制作的玻片中虫卵经长时间保存后,能保持原来的形态及色泽,清晰可见,易于辨认。琼脂糖为介质的水溶性虫卵玻片的制作解决了传统方法制作玻片标本易出现气泡、空隙、发霉及虫卵变形等的问题,是虫卵玻片标本理想的制作方法,可供临床和教学实习使用。     

The distribution of nematodes and soil microbial communities across soil aggregate fractions and farm management systems

We hypothesized that nematode and microbial communities vary between soil aggregate fractions due to variations in physical and/or resource constraints associated with each fraction and that this, in turn, contributes to management impacts on whole soil food webs. Nematode and microbial communities were examined within three soil fractions: large macroaggregates (LM; >1000 μm), small macroaggregates (SM; 250-1000 μm) and inter-aggregate soil and space (IS; <250 μm) isolated from soils of four agricultural management systems: conventional tomato (CON), organic tomato (ORG), a minimum till grain-legume intercrop with continuous cover (CC) and an unmanaged riparian corridor (RC). Aggregate fractions appeared to influence nematode assemblages more than did management system. In general the IS and LM fractions contained higher densities of all nematode trophic groups than did SM. Management × fraction interactions for bacterivores and fungivores, however; suggested a non uniform trend across management systems. The IS fraction exhibited stronger trophic links, per the nematode structure index (SI), while the LM and SM fractions had more active fungal decomposition channels as indicated by the channel index (CI). Higher adult to juvenile ratios in the LM and IS than the SM fraction, and a positive correlation between nematode density in the IS fraction and the proportion of macroaggregates in the soil, indicated an association between soil structure and nematode distribution. Microbial communities varied across both aggregate fractions and management systems. Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis suggested that the LM fraction contained greater microbial biomass, gram positive bacteria, and eukaryotes than the IS fraction, while SM contained intermediate PLFA associated with these groups. Total PLFA was greater under RC and ORG than under CC or CON. Total PLFA was positively correlated with % C in soil fractions while nematode abundance exhibited no such relationship. Our findings suggest that microbial communities are more limited by resource availability than by habitable pore space or predation, while nematode communities, although clearly resource-dependent, are better associated with habitable pore space for the soil fractions studied here.     

Cattle grazing increases microbial biomass and alters soil nematode communities in subtropical pastures

This study focused on examining the impacts of cattle grazing on belowground communities and soil processes in humid grasslands. Multiple components in the soil communities were examined in heavily grazed and ungrazed areas of unimproved and improved bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) pastures in south-central Florida. By using small (1-m×1-m) sampling plots, we were able to detect critical differences in nematode communities, microbial biomass, and mineralized C and N, resulting from the patchy grazing pattern of cattle. Soil samples were collected on three occasions between June 2002 and June 2003. Microbial C and N were greater (P?0.01) in grazed than in ungrazed plots on all sampling dates. Effects of grazing varied among nematode genera. Most genera of colonizer bacterivores were decreased (P?0.10) by grazing, but more persistent bacterivores such as Euteratocephalus and Prismatolaimus were increased, as were omnivores and predators. Higher numbers of persisters indicated that grazing resulted in a more structured nematode community. Some herbivores, particularly Criconematidae, were decreased by grazing. Abundance of omnivores, predators, and especially fungivores were strongly associated with C mineralization potential. Strong correlation of microbial C and N with nematode canonical variables composed of five trophic groups illustrates important links between nematode community structure and soil microbial resources. Including the analysis of nematode trophic groups with soil microbial responses reveals detection of grazing impact deeper into the hierarchy of the decomposition process in soil, and illustrates the complexity of responses to grazing in the soil foodweb. Although highly sensitive to grazing impacts, small-scale sampling could not be used to generalize the overall impact of cattle grazing in large-scale pastures, which might be determined by the intensity and grazing patterns of various stocking densities at the whole pasture level.     

Nematode succession and microfauna-microorganism interactions during root residue decomposition

The quality of plant material affects the vigor of the decomposition process and composition of the decomposer biota. Root residues from hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), rye (Secale cereale L.) and vetch+rye, packed in litterbags were placed in pots of soil at 15 C and the content of the bags was analyzed after 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Bacterial biomass did not differ between residues with contrasting composition. Among bacterivores groups of nematodes that require high bacterial production dominated in fast decomposing resources whereas flagellates with smaller requirements prevail in slower decomposing resources. Biomass of bacterial feeding nematodes correlated positively with early phase (0-2 wk) decomposition that increased in the order: rye< vetch+rye<vetch. Bacterial biomass therefore seems to be under top-down (predation) control during early decomposition. In contrast, the fungal biomass differed between resources with highest values for rye. Moreover, this increase in fungal biomass occurred later during succession and was correlated with decomposition activity for rye in that period. Fungal biomass therefore seems to be under bottom-up (resource) control. The composition of the nematode assemblages (composed of 25 taxa) showed a clear relationship to initial plant resource quality as well as decomposition phase. Early successional microbivorous nematodes vary according to resource quality with demanding bacterivores+predators (Neodiplogasteridae) dominating in vetch and less demanding bacterivores (Rhabditidae) and fungivores (Aphelenchus) being equally common in vetch and rye. Later in the succession (2-4 wk) bacterivorous Cephalobidae and fungivorous Aphelenchoides prevailed similarly on the different root materials whereas bacterivorous protozoa and the amoebal fraction thereof dominated in rye. At week 12 no species dominated the nematode assemblages that were similar between the resources. The differences between nematode assemblages among plant resources at 2 week were similar to the results of a field study sampled after 6 weeks with the same soil and plant resources. This lends support to the relevance of the successional patterns observed in this incubation study.     

Suppression of nematodes in a coastal grassland soil

The nematophagous fungi Arthrobotrys oligospora and Myzocytiopsis glutinospora increase to large numbers (>10³ propagules/g of soil) when moth larvae killed by entomopathogenic nematodes are added to soil microcosms. In spite of these increases, it is unclear how effective these nematophagous fungi are in suppressing nematodes. We measured nematode mortality in microcosms with small numbers of assay nematodes, and we examined assay nematodes recovered at the end of the experiment for signs of fungal parasites. Because the microcosms did not have a moat or other refuge, the assay nematodes remained vulnerable for the 3 days that they were in the soil. Mortality in this experiment was not substantially increased compared to a previous experiment, which measured the mortality of a larger number of assay nematodes in microcosms surrounded by a moat. Mortality, however, increased from 34 to 50% when recovered assay nematodes were examined and when those with conidia of the nematophagous fungus Hirsutella rhossiliensis were considered dead. The zoosporic fungus M. glutinospora was not detected, perhaps because the soil water potential was too low. Contrary to our expectations, there was no evidence of negative feedback on nematodes (i.e., no evidence of density-dependent mortality) because the addition of dead moth larvae greatly increased numbers of resident nematodes and A. oligospora but did not greatly affect the probability of nematode mortality.     

Nematodes and their relationship to forest dynamics: II. Abundance and morphometric variability of Monochida related to changes in humus forms

Mononchida nematode populations were analysed in parallel with stages of natural forest dynamics in a nature reserve within the state forest of Fontainebleau (La Tillaie, France). Changes in the relative abundance of species and morphometric variability of Clarkus papillatus provided additional information about the differentiation of sites on acid mull humus. Especially in clearings, the role of the herbaceous layer and dead fallen wood was demonstrated by the improvement of the humus form. Furthermore, although not typically representative of successional stages of forest development, Mononchida indicate the existence of changes of environmental conditions. These changes relate especially to a gradual differentiation between two groups of sites, one represented by the bare ground in clearing (located within the mature stage), growth and mature stages, and the other associated with the senescent stage and the clearing located near this site. Differences illustrated by the two types of clearing indicate the important role of windthrows in the forest regeneration process.     

大豆种质资源对大豆孢囊线虫4号生理小种的抗性鉴定研究

本研究旨在鉴定和评价大豆种质资源对大豆孢囊线虫4号生理小种的抗性.1988-1990年在砀山县病地里对黄淮地区1800份大豆种质资源进行了抗大豆孢囊线虫4号生理小种鉴定.结果鉴定出7个抗病品种,其中2个褐色种皮,5个黑色种皮.品种的抗性与花色、茸毛色关系密切,与株高、生育期和百粒重不相关.     

8种检疫线虫传入黑龙江的风险评估

根据国际植物保护公约(InternationalPlantProtectionConvention,IPPC)的国际植物检疫措施标准11(InternationalStandardforPhytosanitaryMeasures11,2001,ISPM11)并参考欧洲和地中海植物保护组织(EuropeanandMediterraneanPlantProtectionOrganization,EPPO)有害生物风险分析风险评估指导标准(EPPOStandardPM5/3GuidelinesonPestRiskAnalysis—PestRiskAssessmentScheme),对马铃薯金线虫、马铃薯白线虫、相似穿孔线虫、鳞球茎茎线虫、甜菜胞囊线虫、水稻茎线虫、椰子红环腐线虫和松材线虫这8种检疫性线虫传入黑龙江省进行风险评估。风险评估表明,相似穿孔线虫传入黑龙江省具有高度风险,马铃薯金线虫、马铃薯白线虫、鳞球茎茎线虫、甜菜胞囊线虫、和松材线虫传入黑龙江省具有较高风险,水稻茎线虫风险较低、椰子红环腐线虫无风险。应该加强对风险较高的几种线虫的风险管理。     

南疆土壤线虫及微生物对枣树与绿豆间作种植方式的响应

通过研究新疆枣树与绿豆间作对枣园土壤线虫群落结构及土壤微生物数量的影响,以评价枣园间作绿豆的合理性。对新疆和田枣园枣树单作及间作条件下的枣树根际土壤线虫群落组成、营养结构及微生物数量进行分析。结果表明,与枣树单作相比,枣园行间间作绿豆,枣树根际土壤线虫群落组成发生改变,浅层及深层土壤食细菌线虫比例增高18.93%和21.45%,植物寄生线虫比例降低62.56%和61.62%;枣豆间作枣树根际浅层、深层土壤细菌数量显著增加,分别增加51.51%、41.13%,真菌数量显著降低,分别降低50.11%和37.53%,使得土壤由"真菌型"向"细菌型"转变;土壤浅层、深层pH降低至7.92和7.93,浅层、深层含水量上升至7.57%和5.80%。枣树间作绿豆有益于枣树根际土壤健康。     

Short-term effects of different tillage in a sustainable farming system on nematode community structure

This study investigated the effects of different tillage practices on the nematode community structure. The different tillage systems were: untilled control, conventional deep plough, two-layer plough and cultivator. Sampling was carried out in a field experiment at Wörrstadt-Rommersheim (Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany) in order to study the effects of these tillage systems in a sustainable farming system. Soil samples were taken every 3?months from June 1994 to March 1995 and divided into two depths of 0–10 and 10–20?cm in order to study the vertical distribution of nematode density and community structure. Nematode density was significantly reduced after the first tillage. The second tillage had no effect on the nematode density, whereas the nematode community structure was strongly influenced on both structural (taxonomic) and functional (trophic group, life strategy) level. After tillage, the density of plant parasitic nematodes decreased and the density and dominance of bacterivorous nematodes increased. In the tilled plots, and especially in the cultivator and the two-layer plough plot, the nematode community was dominated by bacterial feeders, whereas, in the untilled control, plant feeders were more dominant. Our results showed that the nematode Maturity Index and Plant Parasite Index are suitable for indicating immediate tillage effects on the nematode community.