Nematode assemblages in the rhizosphere of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) depended on fertilisation and plant growth phase

Nematodes from rhizosphere soil of barley grown at three fertiliser treatments (control (0), NK and NPK) were studied in a field experiment. Sampling was done twice, during vegetative growth and flowering, respectively, to determine how fertiliser effects on nematode assemblages depended on plant growth phase. At the growth stage the proportion of fungal feeding nematodes (dominated by Aphelenchoides spp. and Aphelenchus sp.) was highest in NK. During flowering, the abundance and proportion of fungal feeders in the 0 and NPK plots had increased and reached a level similar to the NK plot. Overall densities of bacterial feeders (mainly Cephalobidae and Rhabditidae) were similar, but opportunistic bacterial feeders constituted a higher proportion in the fertilised plots compared to the unfertilised. Ectoparasitic plant feeders (Tylenchorhynchus sp.) were more numerous in NK and NPK than in the control at both sampling dates. Endoparasite (Pratylenchus spp.) numbers were lower in the NPK plot at the growth stage. Numbers of Tylenchidae increased between samplings. The classification of Tylenchidae as epidermal cell and root hair feeders as opposed to hyphal feeders is discussed. Results thus indicate that: (i) bacterial and especially fungal feeding nematodes are stimulated by unbalanced fertilisation; (ii) ectoparasitic plant feeders are stimulated by N-fertilisation, while migratory endoparasites are inhibited at high and balanced fertilisation; (iii) nutrient effects diminish after plants reach the flowering stage.     

Diversity of soil nematodes across a Mediterranean ecotone

As an indicator of ecological maturity, we have analyzed the nematode community of an erosion-prone Mediterranean macchia and a pine stand within it. Species richness, abundance, diversity and maturity indexes have been measured from a number of standardized soil samples taken along parallel transects laid across the boundary between the pine stand and the macchia. Results of multifactor analysis on these data show three distinct nematode communities of different species composition. The intermediate nematode community (ecotone) is not a mixture of elements of adjacent communities (pine stand and macchia), thus suggesting the existence of an ecotone-specific community beyond the expected boundary effect.     

轮作方式对甘薯根际土壤线虫群落结构及甘薯产量的影响

甘薯茎线虫（Ditylenchus destructor）是国际检疫植物寄生线虫,甘薯茎线虫病是危害我国甘薯生产的严重病害之一。本文通过不同种植方式下甘薯根际土壤线虫群落结构的变化,探索轮作对甘薯茎线虫病防治的作用,明确变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）在土壤线虫群落研究上应用的可行性。试验在河北省卢龙县多年连作的甘薯地上进行,种植方式分别为：A1,休闲→甘薯;A2,玉米-冬闲→甘薯;A3,玉米-黑麦→甘薯;A4,大豆-冬闲→甘薯;A5,大豆-黑麦→甘薯;CK,甘薯连作。提取3个时期甘薯根际土壤线虫,扩增线虫ITS区序列,采用DGGE技术分析土壤线虫群落。结果表明,与连作相比,轮作方式显著提高甘薯根际土壤线虫群落多样性,降低根际土壤甘薯茎线虫数量（P<0.05）,冬季轮作黑麦（A3,A5）使甘薯根际土壤线虫群落结构更加稳定,随时间变化幅度小。甘薯根际土壤中检测到的线虫优势属有：茎线虫属、矛线虫属、滑刃线虫属、头叶线虫属、短体线虫属、小环线虫属、刺线虫属、真滑刃线虫属、双胃线虫属。轮作方式提高甘薯产量42.08%~55.83%,降低病情指数22.72%~30.79%,不同轮作方式之间对甘薯产量和病情的影响差异不显著,收获期的甘薯茎线虫数量与甘薯产量和病情指数显著相关（P<0.05）。因此,轮作方式能够显著提高甘薯根际土壤线虫群落多样性和甘薯产量,DGGE可有效检测土壤线虫群落;大豆-黑麦→甘薯是经济效益和生态效益较好的轮作措施。     

柑桔线虫抗性主基因座Tyr1的特异标记开发与遗传作图改进(英文)

本文利用先期从BAC文库获得的NBS-LRR类候选抗病基因克隆序列Pt8a和Pt9a,进一步开发与柑桔线虫抗性主效基因位点Tyr1连锁的分子标记。以Pt8a和Pt9a序列作探针,通过高密度克隆印迹杂交,从BAC文库筛选出200个以上的阳性克隆,以阳性克隆插入序列设计引物,对柑桔抗线虫材料和感线虫材料开展以PCR扩增为基础的集群分离分析,发现一部分克隆序列与柑桔线虫抗性主效基因位点Tyr1紧密连锁;再通过染色体步行测序,分别从3个克隆（7A4,4L17和29F20）获得3个完整的NBS-LRR类候选抗病基因序列。从此类序列开发更高特异性的分子标记,并在利用原有分子标记的基础上,对柑桔线虫抗性杂交后代群体（9145 family）构建较高密度的遗传图谱;同时,将新开发的分子标记应用于柑桔衰退病抗性杂交后代群体（9401 family）,以初步估算柑桔线虫抗性主效基因位点Tyr]与柑桔衰退病抗性基因Ctv的遗传距离。     

松材线虫病疫木伐桩（根）蛀干害虫种类及分布调查

选取2块松材线虫病发生较为严重的松林,伐除枯死松树,选取具虫蛀为害特征的疫木伐桩,每地各10个。将其整个伐桩挖出,携回实验室解剖,收集害虫,并鉴定和统计虫种和数量。调查显示,为害疫木伐桩的蛀干害虫有松天牛[松墨天牛（Monochamus ahernatus Hope）和松幽天牛（Asemum amurense Kraatz）]、马尾松角胫象[Shirahoshizo patmdis（Voss）1和松瘤象（Hyposipalus gigas Linnaeus）等多种害虫幼虫,其比率分别占96．0％、3．0％和0．7％,其它害虫占013％;伐桩地上部有松天牛、马尾松角胫象和松瘤象等多种蛀干害虫,占蛀干害虫总数的9．5％;地下根部仅有松天牛,占总数的90．5％。伐桩根部松天牛幼虫种群数量分布随深度增加逐渐递减,集中分布在0—60cm之间。     

Molecular characterization of Cereal Cyst Nematode diagnostic markers Cre1 and Cre3 in some winter wheat germplasm and their potential use against Heterodera filipjevi

Two PCR based markers tightly linked to Cre1 and Cre3 resistant genes against the Cereal Cyst Nematode (CCN, causal agent Heterodera avenae) were used to characterize a number of diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid wheat germplasm consisting of obsolete, advanced lines and new cultivars from the Turkish National Breeding Program and the joint TURKEY CIMMYT ICARDA International Winter Wheat Improvement Program. In addition a number of landraces and wild relatives of wheat collected from the Turkish side of the Fertile Crescent, the centre of origin of cereals, were included. None of the genetic material tested positive for either marker except the land race Sardari which originated from neighboring Iran was found positive for Cre1 gene. Combining both of these molecular markers in one assay for fast and cost-effective screening of the germplasm was not effective, so marker genotyping with germplasm was realized using each primer alone. Most work that has been reported is on the CCN species H. avenae, however the predominant species in Turkey is the closely related H. filipjevi. In vitro resistance assaying for this species indicates that Cre1 is a moderate source of resistance against the H. filipjevi population, however Cre3 gene appears ineffective. It is suggested that a larger pool of a range of germplasm should be screened for Cre1 in Turkey. Furthermore, the landrace Sardari could be used as a parent to deploy CCN resistance in to genetic background of Turkish bread wheat cultivars with a targeted Marker Assisted Selection Backcrossing approach.     

放牧管理对青藏高原东缘高寒草甸土壤线虫的影响及作用机制

不同强度、季节的放牧是草地生态系统中主要的放牧管理措施,在生物多样性维持以及生态过程发挥中起着重要的作用,然而,关于青藏高原东缘高寒草甸地区放牧对土壤线虫群落的研究甚少。本文调查了放牧（轻度、中度和重度）对植物群落、土壤理化性质和线虫群落的影响。结果表明：植物群落、土壤理化性质和线虫群落受到放牧、时间以及放牧和时间共同作用的影响;食细菌线虫、植物凋落物生物量、根生物量、土壤含水量、土壤有机碳含量在轻度放牧草地内最高（p＜0.05）;杂类草生物量在中度放牧草地内最高;杂食线虫数量在重度放牧地内最低（p＜0.05）。植物群落和土壤特性与土壤线虫群落有明显的相关关系（p＜0.05）。结构方程模型显示食草动物主要通过植物群落影响植食和食细菌线虫,进一步的研究应针对植物群落多样性以及个体特征对线虫群落的影响。     

Host range study of Argentine Nacobbus aberrans sensu Sher populations and comments on the differential host test

The existence of races within the species Nacobbus aberrans sensu Sher has been confirmed; however, there is no consensus on a consistent system for race determination. Four plant species previously used as differential hosts in some N. aberrans race tests (tomato, pepper, sugarbeet and potato) were tested for susceptibility to seven nematode populations from Argentina. Plants were inoculated with second-stage juveniles and kept under glasshouse conditions at 21 °C for 90 days. The parameters evaluated (root gall index, egg mass index, and reproduction factor) in different nematode populations and plants showed significant differences. The reproductive fitness of the nematode populations differed among the plants that showed some degree of susceptibility. The results showed that N. aberrans comprises populations differing in host preference. Based on the nematode populations’ behaviour on these hosts, two groups were distinguished: i) populations that multiplied on all hosts, ii) populations that did not multiply on potato. The present work contributes to the analysis of criteria for developing a differential host test.     

谷子线虫病品种抗性鉴定及拌种药剂筛选

谷子线虫病是谷子生产中的重要病害,严重发生时可导致绝产。对当前主要谷子生产品种的抗病性进行了鉴定,并对防治谷子线虫病的拌种药剂乙酰甲胺磷乳油和辛硫磷乳油进行了比较试验。结果表明：用种子量0.3%的辛硫磷拌种对谷子线虫病的防效可达到99.2%,辛硫磷可以作为甲基1605的替代药剂用于谷子线虫病的防治。     

Field assessment of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) cultivars in Meloidogyne exigua-infested or –free fields in Rio de Janeiro State,Brazil

A five-year field assessment of Meloidogyne exigua-susceptible and –resistant coffee cultivars was conducted in two fields, nematode-infested or –free, in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. The nematode-susceptible cultivars ‘IAC Catuaí Vermelho 144’, ‘Obatã’ and ‘Tupi’, own-rooted or grafted onto the nematode-resistant ‘IAC Apoatã 2258’, were compared in their vegetative development (plant height, number of plagiotropic branches and collar diameter) and productivity (during four harvests) with the nematode-resistant ‘Acauã’, ‘Catucaí 785/15’ and ‘Iapar 59’. In the infested field, the high nematode population drastically reduced the vegetative development and productivity of all cultivars, regardless of their nematode-resistance. This indicates that measures aimed to reduce the M. exigua population must be taken prior to planting any of the currently available resistant genotypes to avoid enormous yield losses. In the nematode-free field, the susceptible cultivars (own-rooted) achieved higher productivity, followed close by ‘Catucaí 785/15’ and ‘Iapar 59’. Therefore, these M. exigua-resistant cultivars should be recommended for nematode-free areas to prevent severe yield loss in the event of field infestation during the plantation's life span.