放牧管理对青藏高原东缘高寒草甸土壤线虫的影响

不同强度、季节的放牧是草地生态系统中主要的放牧管理措施,在生物多样性维持以及生态过程发挥中起着重要的作用,然而,关于青藏高原东缘高寒草甸地区放牧对土壤线虫群落的研究甚少。本文调查了放牧(轻度、中度和重度)对植物群落、土壤理化性质和线虫群落的影响。结果表明:植物群落、土壤理化性质和线虫群落受到放牧、时间以及放牧和时间共同作用的影响;食细菌线虫、植物凋落物生物量、根生物量、土壤含水量、土壤有机碳含量在轻度放牧草地内最高(p0.0 5);杂类草生物量在中度放牧草地内最高;杂食线虫数量在重度放牧地内最低(p0.05)。植物群落和土壤特性与土壤线虫群落有明显的相关关系(p0.05)。结构方程模型显示食草动物主要通过植物群落影响植食和食细菌线虫,进一步的研究应针对植物群落多样性以及个体特征对线虫群落的影响。     

退化演替对高山草地植被和土壤理化特性影响

[目的]分析3种不同草地退化阶段(轻度退化,中度退化和重度退化)草地植被和土壤理化特性的变化规律,为类似区域退化草地植被恢复提供有效途径。[方法]野外植被调查、土壤取样和室内分析。[结果]草地退化不同阶段草地植物群落组成和物种多样性均有差异,退化对草地土壤理化特性有明显影响。重度退化草地土壤容重显著高于轻度退化草地(p0.05)。轻度和中度退化样地0—10cm土壤空隙度显著高于重度退化草地。重度退化草地的土壤有机质、全碳、全钾、全磷和有效钾均明显小于轻度退化草地(p0.05),但土壤pH值和有效氮含量没有显著变化。[结论]高山草地退化演替对该区土壤物理特性具有显著影响。     

基于meta分析的放牧压力对内蒙古高原草地生态系统的影响

放牧是最主要的草地利用模式，直接或间接地影响草地物质循环和能量流动，放牧强度对草地的健康状况和演替方向起决定作用。本文基于40篇内蒙古草原放牧相关文献数据，通过meta分析探讨温带草原对放牧强度的响应特征。结果表明，与未放牧草地相比，轻度放牧草地对群落植物地上、地下生物量和土壤全氮和全磷含量无显著影响，而土壤有机碳、微生物生物量碳、细菌和真菌数量分别显著上升3.60%、7.80%、11.40%和10.83%（P<0.05）；中度放牧下群落植物地下生物量和土壤微生物数量无显著变化，而地上生物量和土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷和微生物生物量氮含量分别显著降低21.62%、4.44%、2.15%、8.35%和6.76%（P<0.05）；重度放牧下群落植物地上和地下生物量，土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、微生物生物量碳含量，细菌和放线菌数量分别显著下降39.72%、16.30%、7.62%、6.46%、8.03%、8.76%、12.92%和18.27%（P<0.05）。以上结果表明轻度放牧有利于土壤肥力和草地生产力的保持和提升，而当放牧干扰超出一定的限度时，草地各项功能均显著下降而发生退化。本研究可为内蒙古温带草原的合理利用和适应性管理提供理论基础。     

放牧对荒漠草原植物生物量及土壤养分的影响

以宁夏荒漠草原为研究对象,探讨放牧对荒漠草原植物多样性、 生物量及土壤养分特征的影响。结果表明, 放牧对荒漠草原植物群落多样性、 均匀度和丰富度影响显著。植物群落多样性和均匀度随着放牧强度的增加均呈先增加后降低的趋势,在轻度放牧达到最大值。同围封禁牧相比,重度、 中度和轻度放牧草地的植物地上和地下部生物量显著降低,分别降低了43.8%、 42.0%、 15.4% 和 27.7%、16.2%、11.9%。土壤有机碳随着放牧强度的增加而降低,而土壤全氮含量随着放牧强度的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势。围封禁牧草地土壤有机碳比重度放牧增加了18.1%,而土壤全磷、 速效磷和全钾含量分别降低了 21.1%、 51.9% 和 11.0%。土壤有机碳含量对植物群落地上和地下部生物量的影响大于土壤全氮、 全磷、 全钾、 速效磷和速效钾。放牧干扰下荒漠草原土壤环境及其养分含量,能在一定程度上反映植物群落多样性和生物量的变化。     

大庆盐碱地立地质量评价

根据盐碱地土壤性质与植物的生态关系,调查分析植物群落种类、生物量与土壤理化性质（pH值、有机质、水解氮、有效磷、速效钾、阳离子交换量、交换性钠和水溶性总盐含量）之间的相互关系。利用多元统计分析的因子分析和聚类分析方法,以盐碱地土壤理化性质为分类依据,以地上草本植物群落生物量为验证标准,进行立地分类和立地质量评价,将大庆市盐碱地分为高生物量轻度盐碱地、高生物量中度盐碱地、中生物量中度盐碱地、低生物量中度盐碱地和重度盐碱地5种立地类型。研究结果可为恢复植被,提高土地资源生产力提供科学参考。     

青藏高原高寒嵩草草甸植被群落特征对退化演替的响应

以空间代替时间的方法,于2012年7月中旬-8月中旬在青藏高原祁连山南麓分别选取原生、轻度、中度和重度4种不同退化梯度的高寒嵩草（Kobresia）草甸,对其土壤理化、水分特征和植被群落进行研究,以探究高寒嵩草草甸生态功能退化过程中植被群落的变化特征.结果表明,中度退化样地的地上生物量、表层（0-10cm）土壤含水量和降水地表入渗速率显著最小（P＜0.01）,表层地下生物量、表层土壤有机质、表层田间持水量和草毡层厚度显著最大（P＜0.01）.基于退化高寒嵩草草甸群落的植被功能群和群落多样性的非度量多维排序结果表明,其退化过程可明确划分为原生植被、轻度退化、中度退化和重度退化4个阶段,冠层高度、地上生物量、草毡层厚度和降水地表入渗速率对群落变化的相对贡献较大.植被群落对退化过程的响应为非平衡型（Non-equilibrium）,群落变化的“分水岭”存在于中度退化和重度退化之间.研究结果对退化嵩草草甸的恢复措施选择具有重要的指导意义.     

城市绿地类型对土壤线虫多样性的影响及生物指示值分析

【目的】为探讨城市绿地土壤线虫群落多样性特征以及生物指示意义，揭示不同绿地类型中土壤线虫群落的生物多样性和功能多样性分布规律。【方法】调查道路绿地、居住绿地、公园绿地和风景名胜区绿地中土壤线虫群落特征，分析线虫群落的生物多样性和功能多样性特征并利用生物指示值法分析线虫物种指示值。【结果】研究调查发现线虫共46属，不同绿地类型明显改变了线虫群落生物多样性和功能多样性（p＜0.05）；风景名胜区绿地的生物多样性水平最高，其次为公园绿地，居住区绿地最低；线虫成熟度指数和线虫通路指数在道路绿地中最低，在居住绿地和公园绿地中增加，风景名胜区中最高（p＜0.05）。Aphelenchoides、Cylindrolaimus以及Epidorylaimus是道路绿地的指示生物；Bastiania是公园绿地的指示生物；Leptonchus、Monhystera和Clarkus是风景名胜区绿地的指示生物。【结论】不同城市绿地对线虫群落多样性产生了明显的影响，研究结果进一步明确了线虫类群对城市生态系体绿地生境的指示意义，为城市生物多样性保护提供了理论依据。     

藏北高寒草甸植物群落对土壤线虫群落的影响

2011年5月—11月,对西藏北部高寒草甸3种典型植物群落下0～30 cm范围内不同深度土层的土壤线虫群落进行调查,浅盆法收集土壤线虫,应用个体密度、多样性指数等特征值来分析高寒环境下土壤线虫群落的组成、分布特征与多样性。调查共分离得到33 038条土壤线虫,隶属于2纲6目51科93属;线虫个体密度平均为847条100 g-1干土;表聚性明显。研究结果表明,不同植物群落间的土壤线虫群落组成存在一定差异,土壤线虫数量的大小顺序为委陵菜植物群落<藏北嵩草植物群落<高山嵩草植物群落,土壤线虫数量差异显著(p<0.05);土壤线虫数量随生长季变化发生明显波动,返青期最多,盛长期次之,枯草期最低;不同植物群落的优势属种类不同。生物多样性为委陵菜植物群落>高山嵩草植物群落>藏北嵩草植物群落,这可能是放牧干扰强度不同,以及植物群落影响下的土壤性质分异所导致的结果。总之,不同植物群落下土壤线虫群落特征的分异初步显示出线虫指示环境因子影响土壤生态系统的潜力。     

沙化对高寒草地土壤碳、氮、酶活性及细菌多样性的影响

高寒草地沙化是青藏高原生态安全的严峻威胁,研究沙化过程中土壤碳氮和微生物变化有助于揭示驱动高寒草地沙化演替的生物学机制。以川西北沙化高寒草地为研究对象,分析了未沙化、轻度沙化、中度沙化和重度沙化程度下土壤碳氮、酶活性以及细菌多样性的变化。结果表明:中度和重度沙化显著降低了土壤有机碳、溶解性有机碳、微生物量碳、全氮、可溶解性总氮、可溶解性有机氮、微生物量氮、硝态氮和铵态氮含量(P0.05),但轻度沙化下的土壤有机碳、微生物量碳、硝态氮和铵态氮含量没有显著变化;土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶、蔗糖酶、几丁质酶、脲酶和过氧化物酶活性通常随沙化的加剧而降低,下降速率最大的阶段出现在轻度沙化向中度沙化过渡的阶段;土壤细菌多样性随着沙化的加剧先增加后降低,最高细菌多样性出现在轻度沙化阶段,但不同沙化程度下土壤细菌群落结构并无显著差异。冗余分析表明,土壤碳、氮、酶活性与细菌多样性呈正相关关系;主成分分析表明,土壤有机碳、微生物量氮、过氧化物酶和几丁质酶对土壤优势菌的影响最大。因此,在轻度沙化阶段及时采取治理措施更能有效阻止土壤性质的恶化,在沙化土壤恢复过程中还需要关注少数菌群的重建作用。     

纳帕海高原湿地土壤微生物群落对土地利用方式改变的响应

【目的】探明高原湿地不同土地利用方式下土壤理化性质的改变对微生物群落结构及多样性的影响,为纳帕海高原湿地土地利用管理提供理论依据。【方法】以人类活动干扰下形成的放牧草地和耕地为研究对象,以自然沼泽湿地为对照,运用Illumina高通量测序技术比较不同土地利用方式下土壤微生物群落结构和多样性特征,并采用Mantel test分析土壤理化环境改变对土壤微生物群落的影响。【结果】(1)相较于自然沼泽湿地,耕作与放牧显著降低了土壤含水量、有机质、全氮和速效氮,却提高了全磷、碳氮比和容重（P <0.05）。(2)耕作和放牧显著增加土壤细菌与真菌α多样性（P <0.05）,三种利用方式间β多样性差异显著（P <0.01）。(3)耕作和放牧显著改变细菌和真菌群落结构,其中耕作使变形菌门、厚壁菌门和绿弯菌门相对丰度显著增加21.07%～123.61%,酸杆菌门、放线菌门和芽单胞菌门显著减小62.7%～75.29%;耕作使子囊菌门、担子菌门、接合菌门相对丰度显著减小71.33%～96.47%,未分类真菌门相对丰度显著增加722.97%;放牧使细菌浮霉菌门和疣微菌门增加57.46%、17...     

藏北高寒草甸土壤线虫群落对围封及自由放牧的响应

为了解放牧干扰对藏北高寒草甸的影响,以及连续围封措施对草地的恢复作用,2013—2015年连续3年对那曲县围封、自由放牧天然高寒草甸土壤线虫群落进行取样调查及数据分析。结果表明:围封、放牧样地的线虫个体数量在年际间的变化均较明显,植食性线虫是整个线虫群落个体数量变化的主要贡献者;围封样地的线虫个体密度、多样性指数H′、丰富度指数SR,以及优势度指数λ的年际变化幅度均大于放牧样地;食细菌性线虫个体数量及线虫通路比值(NCR)表明放牧样地的有机质转化效率高于围封样地;成熟度指数(MI)、植物寄生线虫指数(PPI)分析表明,所研究区域经5年围封,高寒草甸生态系统稳定性没有明显的提高,相反,现有放牧强度维持或者增加了线虫群落的物种多样性,利于物种共存和草地生态系统稳定性的维持。     

Biodiversity and trophic structure of soil nematode communities are altered following woody plant invasion of grassland

Woody plant encroachment is an important land cover change in dryland ecosystems throughout the world, and frequently alters above and belowground primary productivity, hydrology, and soil microbial biomass and activity. However, there is little known regarding the impact of this geographically widespread vegetation change on the biodiversity and trophic structure of soil fauna. Nematodes represent a major component of the soil microfauna whose community composition and trophic structure could be strongly influenced by the changes in ecosystem structure and function that accompany woody encroachment. Our purpose was to characterize nematode community composition and trophic structure along a grassland to woodland chronosequence in the Rio Grande Plains of southern Texas. Research was conducted at the La Copita Research Area where woody encroachment has been documented previously. Soil cores (0–10 cm) were collected in fall 2006 and spring 2007 from remnant grasslands and woody plant stands ranging in age from 15 to 86 years, and nematodes were extracted by sugar centrifugation. Neither nematode densities (3200–13,800 individuals kg⁻¹ soil) nor family richness (15–19 families 100 g⁻¹ soil) were altered by woody encroachment. However, family evenness decreased dramatically in woody stands >30 years old. This change in evenness corresponded to modifications in the trophic structure of nematode communities following grassland to woodland conversion. Although root biomass was 2–5× greater in wooded areas, root-parasitic nematodes decreased from 40% of all nematodes in grasslands to <10% in the older wooded areas, suggesting the quality (C:N or biochemical defenses) of woody plant root tissue could be limiting root-parasites. In contrast, bacterivores increased from 30% of nematodes in grasslands to 70–80% in older woody patches. This large increase in bacterivores may be a response to the 1.5–2.5× increase in soil microbial biomass (bacteria + fungi) following woody encroachment. Therefore, while energy flow through grassland nematode communities appears to be distributed nearly equally among herbivory, fungivory and bacterivory, the energy flow through nematode communities in wooded areas appears to be based primarily on bacterivory. We speculate that these shifts in nematode community composition and trophic structure could have important implications for ecosystem patterns and processes. First, the low abundance of root-parasitic nematodes (and presumably root herbivory) under woody plants may be one mechanism by which woody plants are able to establish and compete effectively with grasses during succession from grassland to woodland. Second, the large increase in bacterivores following woody encroachment likely accelerates microbial turnover and the mineralization of N, thereby providing a feedback that enables the persistence of N-rich woody plant communities.     

Cattle grazing increases microbial biomass and alters soil nematode communities in subtropical pastures

This study focused on examining the impacts of cattle grazing on belowground communities and soil processes in humid grasslands. Multiple components in the soil communities were examined in heavily grazed and ungrazed areas of unimproved and improved bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) pastures in south-central Florida. By using small (1-m×1-m) sampling plots, we were able to detect critical differences in nematode communities, microbial biomass, and mineralized C and N, resulting from the patchy grazing pattern of cattle. Soil samples were collected on three occasions between June 2002 and June 2003. Microbial C and N were greater (P?0.01) in grazed than in ungrazed plots on all sampling dates. Effects of grazing varied among nematode genera. Most genera of colonizer bacterivores were decreased (P?0.10) by grazing, but more persistent bacterivores such as Euteratocephalus and Prismatolaimus were increased, as were omnivores and predators. Higher numbers of persisters indicated that grazing resulted in a more structured nematode community. Some herbivores, particularly Criconematidae, were decreased by grazing. Abundance of omnivores, predators, and especially fungivores were strongly associated with C mineralization potential. Strong correlation of microbial C and N with nematode canonical variables composed of five trophic groups illustrates important links between nematode community structure and soil microbial resources. Including the analysis of nematode trophic groups with soil microbial responses reveals detection of grazing impact deeper into the hierarchy of the decomposition process in soil, and illustrates the complexity of responses to grazing in the soil foodweb. Although highly sensitive to grazing impacts, small-scale sampling could not be used to generalize the overall impact of cattle grazing in large-scale pastures, which might be determined by the intensity and grazing patterns of various stocking densities at the whole pasture level.     

科尔沁沙地流动沙丘土壤线虫群落组成与多样性研究

本文对科尔沁沙地流动沙丘不同坡位(丘间地、过渡带、迎风坡中部、坡顶、背风坡上部和下部)和不同土层深度(0 ～ 20、20 ～ 40和40 ～ 60 cm)的土壤线虫群落组成与多样性进行了比较研究.研究结果表明,流动沙丘土壤线虫具有显著的坡位效应,而垂直分布特征不显著.丘间地和背风坡下部具有较高数量和较多种类的土壤线虫,而过渡带和迎风坡中部土壤线虫数量较低、种类也较少.不同坡位土壤线虫总数、食细菌线虫、食真菌线虫和植物寄生线虫数量存在显著差异.除食细菌线虫外,不同土层土壤线虫总数及其各营养类群均无显著差异.土壤含水量和电导率是影响土壤线虫群落空间分布格局的主要因素.土壤线虫群落分布格局的变化反映了流动沙丘土壤微环境的变化,对土壤质量具有一定的指示作用.     

Soil microbial community patterns related to the history and intensity of grazing in sub-montane ecosystems

Long-term variations in the frequency and intensity of sheep (Ovis aries) grazing have led to the development of ubiquitous plant successional transitions in sub-montane regions of the UK. In this study, we measured a range of soil microbial properties across these successional transitions in three biogeographic regions of the UK, to establish how gradients of grazing-influence (in terms of the history and intensity of sheep grazing) alter the biomass, activity, and structure of soil microbial communities. We also measured soil physicochemical variables to relate changes in soil microbial community arrangement along these grazing-related successional transitions to key soil properties. Our results from three locations show that microbial communities of soils display some consistent and ‘broad-scale’ trends along successional transitions that are related to the history and intensity of grazing. We show that microbial biomass of soil is maximal at low-to-intermediate levels of grazing influence and that the phenotypic evenness (a component of diversity) of the microbial community declines as the intensity of grazing increases. We also provide evidence that soil microbial communities of heavily grazed sites are dominated by bacterial-based energy channels of decomposition, whereas in systems that are less intensively grazed, or completely unmanaged, fungi have a proportionally greater role. Further studies are needed to establish the significance of these changes in relation to soil-level ecosystem processes of decomposition and nutrient cycling. The data show that human disturbances can have profound effects on the biomass and structure of the soil communities that regulate soil processes in these ecosystems and that these effects are consistent across sites.     

Nematode communities of grazed and ungrazed semi-natural steppe grasslands in Eastern Austria

Soil nematode communities were investigated at eight semi-natural steppe grasslands in the National Park Seewinkel, eastern Austria. Four sites were moderately grazed by horses, cattle and donkeys, four were ungrazed. Nematodes were sampled on four occasions from mineral soil, and their total abundance, diversity of genera, trophic structure and functional guilds were determined. Altogether 58 nematode genera inhabited the grasslands, with Acrobeloides, Anaplectus, Heterocephalobus, Prismatolaimus, Aphelenchoides, Aphelenchus, Tylenchus and Pratylenchus dominating. Mean total abundance at sites was 185–590 individuals per 100 g soil. Diversity indices did not separate communities well, but cluster analysis showed distinct site effects on nematode generic structure. Within feeding groups the relative proportion of bacterial-feeding nematodes was the highest, followed by the fungal- and plant-feeding group. Omnivores and predators occurred in low abundance. The maturity indices and plant parasite indices were characteristic for temperate grasslands, but the abundance of early colonizers (c-p 1 nematodes) was low. A high density of fungal-feeding c-p 2 families (Aphelenchoidae, Aphelenchoididae) resulted in remarkably high channel index values, suggesting that decomposition pathways are driven by fungi. Nematode community indices of all sites pointed towards a structured, non-enriched soil food web. At most sites, grazing showed little or no effect on nematode community parameters, but total abundance was higher at ungrazed areas. Significant differences in the percentage of omnivorous nematodes, the sum of the maturity index, the number of genera and Simpson's index of diversity were found at one long-term grazed pasture, and this site was also separated by multi-dimensional scaling (MDS).     

Effects of nitrogen enrichment on belowground communities in grassland: Relative role of soil nitrogen availability vs. soil acidification

Terrestrial ecosystems worldwide are receiving increasing amounts of biologically reactive nitrogen (N) as a consequence of anthropogenic activities. This intended or unintended fertilization can have a wide range of impacts on the above- and belowground communities. An increase in high N availability has been assumed to be a major mechanism enhancing the abundance of above- and belowground communities. In addition to increasing available N, however, N enrichment causes soil acidification, which may negatively affect above- and belowground communities. The relative importance of increased N availability vs. increased soil acidity for above- and belowground communities in natural ecosystems experiencing N enrichment is unclear. In a 12-year N enrichment experiment in a semi-arid grassland, N enrichment substantially increased both above- and belowground plant biomass mainly via the N availability-induced increase in biomass of perennial rhizome grasses. N enrichment also dramatically suppressed bacterial, fungal, and actinobacteria biomass mainly via the soil acidification pathway (acidification increased concentrations of H⁺ ions and Al³⁺ and decreased concentrations of mineral cations). In addition, N enrichment also suppressed bacterial-, fungal-feeding, and omnivorous + carnivorous nematodes mainly via the soil acidification pathway (acidification reduced nematode food resources and reduced concentrations of mineral cations). The positive effects resulting from the increase in belowground carbon allocation (via increase in quantity and quality of plant production) on belowground communities were outweighed by the negative effects resulting from soil acidification, indicating that N enrichment weakens the linkages between aboveground and belowground components of grassland ecosystems. Our results suggest that N enrichment-induced soil acidification should be included in models that predict biota communities and linkages to carbon and nitrogen cycling in terrestrial ecosystems under future scenarios of N deposition.     

Diversity and distribution of nematode communities in grasslands from Romania in relation to vegetation and soil characteristics

The nematode communities of 36 grassland ecosystems in Romania, belonging to different plant associations and soil types, were studied. The abundance of nematodes, the species and trophic types present, as well as their distribution in relation to plant community and soil characteristics are analyzed and discussed.The abundance of nematodes from the 36 grasslands studied ranged between 0.41 × 10⁶ and 8.57 × 10⁶ individuals/m², and a total of 121 genera and 145 species of nematodes were found. The highest diversity was found in grasslands developed on brown earth soil (65–67 genera and 74–76 species), with least diversity in those evolving on podzol and lithosol (33–36 genera with 25–28 identified species). Most of the dominant taxa were found in specific soil layers; some obligate plant parasitic genera (e.g., Paratylenchus, Rotylenchus, Criconema) showed preference for deeper soil layers. The nematode diversity index (H′), with values ranging between 2.38 and 3.47, did not differ significantly between the different types of grasslands. Plant feeding, bacterial feeding, hyphal feeding and omnivorous nematodes were the main groups in mountainous grasslands developed on different soil types. Plant feeding and bacterial feeding nematodes dominated the trophic structure and more plant feeders (62–69%) were found in communities of subalpine and alpine grasslands developed on podzol and alpine meadow soil, than in those developed on rendzina and lithosol (27–33%). The ratio of hyphal feeding to bacterial feeding nematodes (Hf/Bf) is constantly in favour of the bacterial feeding group, the values being an indicator of good soil fertility for most studied grasslands. The nematode communities of grasslands are grouped into six main clusters according to their genera affinity and distinguished by different grassland and soil types. Communities from subalpine grasslands developed on rendzina, acid brown and lithosol have the greatest similarities. An ordination of nematode communities in relation to important environmental variables is presented. Environmental variables relevant in explaining the patterns of nematode composition in grasslands, using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), are: humus, pH, total nitrogen, exchangeable bases and soil type. No single factor could be selected.     

施用化肥对下辽河平原稻田土壤线虫群落产生的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究了施用化肥对下辽河平原稻田土壤线虫群落组成产生的影响。结果表明,共获得15科、19属,其中绕线属、小杆属、垫刃属为优势属。线虫总数、食细菌线虫、植物寄生线虫和杂食-捕食线虫数量在不同处理之间存在极显著差别(p<0.01),三个施肥处理中的线虫总数显著高于无肥处理(对照)。在水稻收获后土壤线虫数量变化对不同种类肥料具有不同的响应。