Effects of cropping history and origin of seed potatoes on population structure of Phytophthora infestans

The effects of origin of seed potatoes and the cropping history on the phenotypic structure of Phytophthora infestans populations was studied in northern Hessia, central Germany, from 2000 to 2002. Populations originating from fields with a history of potato cropping with only short or no rotation (old fields) were compared with populations from new fields, i.e., where no potatoes had been grown for at least 30 years and seed potatoes were either imported from breeders or produced on-farm (certified). The main goal was to determine the importance of seed potato infection in the establishment of new P. infestans populations. Isolates were characterized for mating type, virulences and rep- (repetitive extragenic palindromic) PCR fingerprints. Among a total of 639 isolates sampled from 31 sites, mating types A1 and A2 co-existed in all three years in 60–92% of the sites. Over all three years, 53 pathotypes were detected in a subsample of 272 isolates. Isolates originating from the new fields had significantly higher frequencies of the virulences v1, v2, v3, v6 and v7, indicating general effects of seed introduction into a new region. Thirty-six fingerprints were detected in a subsample of 281 isolates of which 22 were unique while four occurred in all three years and in many sites. Pathogen populations from potato fields that were grown from seed tubers of geographically different origin differed significantly based on χ ² tests. While the Nei genetic distances were less than .1 among the local populations, distances to the US lineages US-1, US-6, US-7 and US-8 ranged from .22 to .47; however, the bootstrap values were not significant. Populations from old fields were more diverse and 14 of the 22 rep-PCR types occurred there among 132 isolates tested in comparison to six in the new fields (n = 140 isolates) and two among six isolates from volunteers. The results also suggest that both sexual and asexual reproduction play a role.     

兴凯湖春季雁鸭类迁徙多样性及数量变化原因

１９８８￣１９９６年，在兴凯湖泊自然保护区对春季迁徒的雁鸭类多样性进行了观察，共记录到雁鸭类３１种，包括５种雁，２种天鹅２４种鸭。每年春季经兴凯湖北迁的雁鸭类数量为３０万￣５０万只，集中迁徒期为３月２０日￣４月１０日，同时，对１０ａ来雁鸭类数量变化及原因进行了分析。为水禽迁徒行为及种群结构的研究提供了基础资料，对制定水禽保护政策及开发利用具有重要参考价值。     

枇杷种质资源枝梢与叶片性状多样性分析

对国家果树种质福州枇杷圃内不同来源地的240份枇杷种质资源的枝梢与叶片主要性状进行鉴定和评价,结果表明：枇杷的中心枝长度、中心枝粗度、侧枝长度、侧枝粗度、叶片长度和叶片宽度都存在丰富的多样性;性状相关性分析显示,枇杷中心枝长度和粗度之间、侧枝长度和粗度之间、叶片长度和宽度之间存在极显著的相关性;国外枇杷种质的中心枝和侧枝总体水平比国内的细小,叶片长、宽度则均比国内的大;栽培种在表型特征上表现为枝长叶大,其中心枝长度、中心枝粗度、侧枝长度、侧枝粗度、叶片长度和叶片宽度均大于野生种和野生近缘种;红肉和白肉枇杷的中心枝长度、中心枝粗度、侧枝长度、侧枝粗度、叶片长度和叶片宽度差异都不显著。     

云南枇杷野生种质资源叶片性状多样性分析

对147份云南枇杷野生资源叶片表型性状进行了调查分析,结果表明,这一群体枇杷种质资源的叶姿、叶形、叶片长度、叶片宽度、叶形指数、叶背茸毛、叶面形态、叶片横切面形状、叶面光泽、叶片颜色等性状均存在丰富的多样性。其中,叶背无茸毛的种质占77.62%,初步断定这个群体中的多数种质不是普通枇杷类型。     

Impacts of urbanization on topsoil nutrient balances—a case study at a provincial scale from Fujian,China

With increasing urbanization, the demands for high quality agricultural products induced changes in local cropping patterns. Although grain production still occupied a large portion in sown and planted areas, the share of sown areas declined from 67% to 44% for total grain crops, and 54% to 35% for rice between 1989 and 2002 in Fujian province. The change in crop spectrum and land use by urbanization has resulted in two extreme trends in topsoil — nutrient depletion in grain-dominated regions and nutrient overload in city suburbs. The positive correlation between nitrogen balance and local urban population in some years showed that urbanization affected nutrient balance in topsoil. The rapid changes in land use and crop spectrum caused by urbanization therefore created a challenge to the traditional soil nutrient management derived mainly from paddy fields and an urgent need for new management schemes in the province. The study provides valuable insights into nutrient management and soil sustainability in the context of rapid urbanization and population growth in Fujian.     

寒地梨种质资源表型多样性研究

对寒地梨种质资源表型性状的Simpson和Shannon多样性指数、标准差、变异系数和聚类分析等研究表明幼叶颜色、叶面状态、果实形状、抗寒性、抗梨黑星病、单果质量、可溶性固形物等性状多样性指数较高,变异度大,可为梨育种提供良好变异的群体;尤其是保存了多份极抗寒资源,抗寒性中等资源较少,无抗寒性弱和极弱的资源;果实形状多样性较高,而且性状间分布也较为均匀,可溶性固形物变异系数较大;大果型、抗梨黑星病类型资源分布较少,尚需收集、增加果个大、高抗病资源。     

农民生计多样性影响因素调查分析——以丰都县为例

丰都县农民生计多样性在整个西部地区比较具有代表性,但对于影响农民生计多样性的因素一直缺乏实证研究。该次调查采用参与性农村评估法(PRA),对丰都县名山镇(两汇口、古家店、鹿鸣寺)、社坛镇(三桥、德盛、干坛)、武平镇(殷家坝、坝周村)的农民生计方式及影响农民生计多样性的因素进行调查研究。研究表明,影响农民生计多样性的因素大致包括:自然资源、环境、人力资本、物质基础、社会关系、国家政策等方面。     

高寒草甸不同黄帚橐吾密度斑块的植物群落结构特征

为了解黄帚橐吾（Ligularia virgaurea）斑块植物群落维持和演替过程,本研究以不同密度黄帚橐吾微斑块为研究对象,根据密度等级设置6个斑块梯度（D0,D1,D2,D3,D4和D5）,分析不同斑块草地群落结构及生产力的变化特征。结果表明：随着黄帚橐吾密度的增加,禾本科和莎草科重要值明显降低,黄帚橐吾逐渐成为建群种;物种多样性指数呈先增加后降低趋势,且在D1~D2之间香农维纳指数、均匀度指数和优势度指数均为最高值;去除黄帚橐吾后的总地上生物量表现为D1显著高于D5（P<0.05）,禾本科、莎草科和豆科植物的地上生物量为D4最高,杂类草生物量为D1显著高于D3~D5（P<0.05）;总地下生物量和0~10 cm土层的地下生物量变化趋势一致,为D1显著高于D4（P<0.05）,10~20 cm土层的地下生物量随密度的增大呈显著增加趋势（P<0.05）。因此,当黄帚橐吾的密度介于D1~D2时,对草地稳定性的维持具有积极作用。     

青海湖流域沙地植物群落多样性研究

土地沙漠化是青海湖流域重要的生态问题之一,明晰区域内不同沙化阶段植物群落的演化特征,有助于为该区沙漠化防治工作有效开展提供科学依据。本研究通过野外样方调查并应用方差分析、主成分分析和相关性分析,厘清该区潜在、轻度、中度、重度和极重度沙化阶段植物组成特征与变化规律。结果表明,随沙化程度加剧,植物优势种从矮生嵩草、草地早熟禾和垂穗披碱草演替为青海固沙草、驼绒藜和沙蒿,生活型从中生向旱生演替;植物盖度、高度、地上生物量和多度依次降低;物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数与Pielou指数均为先升后降,轻度沙化阶段最高,符合“中度干扰假说”。沙化过程对多样性指数影响为Shannon-Wiener指数>物种丰富度>Simpson指数>Pielou指数,除Pielou指数外,其余多样性指数与植被特征相关性显著。研究结果可为青海湖流域沙化防治及群落多样性研究提供参考。     

The effects of Douglas-fir on tree-specific arthropod communities in mixed species stands with European beech and Norway spruce

The ecological effects of planting exotic Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] in Central Europe are still poorly understood. The aim of this study was to answer the question of whether Douglas-fir affects tree specific arthropod communities in different mature forest types (Douglas-fir, spruce and beech dominated) in Southern Germany. Therefore, arthropod communities of stem and tree crown strata of Douglas-fir and spruce (Picea abies L.) were sampled in the years 1999–2001 using arboreal photo-eclectors and flight interception traps. Statistical analysis was conducted for all species and focused on conifer specialists at three levels: (1) species diversity, (2) guild structure and (3) community structure. Within the stem stratum, species diversity was significantly higher on spruce than on Douglas-fir independent of year and stand composition. This could not be explained by a single feeding guild, rather by species changing strata during the vegetation period. In contrast, species diversity in tree crowns was approximately the same for both conifer species. However, communities in Douglas-fir crowns were conspicuously different from those in spruce crowns, especially in the Douglas-fir dominated stand type. While zoophagous insects exhibited higher activity on Douglas-fir in 2000, xylophagous beetles were more abundant on spruce in 2001. In European beech stands with widely spaced Douglas-fir trees, the site specific and broad-leaved tree related fauna might be maintained. In addition, Douglas-fir with its resource of Adelges cooleyi and crowns that overtop the broad-leaved tree canopy, offer additional resources for several aphidophagous and thermophile species.