辽东山区落叶松人工纯林诱导复层林更新试验

对辽宁东部山区落叶松人工纯林进行不同行状间伐试验,并在采伐迹地进行云杉幼树更新试验,试验结果发现:落叶松纯林经过行状间伐,草本层生物多样性显著增加,林地土壤持水力增强,增幅为4.4%～16.7%.不同更新行数试验的云杉幼树年均高生长量、冠幅生长量、地径生长量、总生物量大小变化明显,伐2行栽1行型与全光对比分别减少了27.4%、12.7%、21.7%、4.1%,而伐3栽2型分别增加了3.6%、0.8%、4.3%、15.8%.伐后保留带落叶松的生长得到了促进,2 a后落叶松的胸径、单株材积都比同龄落叶松纯林大,伐2栽1型与伐3栽2型增幅分别为2.7%～8%、4.6%～16.7%;高生长变化不明显.     

农民生计多样性影响因素调查分析——以丰都县为例

丰都县农民生计多样性在整个西部地区比较具有代表性,但对于影响农民生计多样性的因素一直缺乏实证研究。该次调查采用参与性农村评估法(PRA),对丰都县名山镇(两汇口、古家店、鹿鸣寺)、社坛镇(三桥、德盛、干坛)、武平镇(殷家坝、坝周村)的农民生计方式及影响农民生计多样性的因素进行调查研究。研究表明,影响农民生计多样性的因素大致包括:自然资源、环境、人力资本、物质基础、社会关系、国家政策等方面。     

Impacts of urbanization on topsoil nutrient balances—a case study at a provincial scale from Fujian,China

With increasing urbanization, the demands for high quality agricultural products induced changes in local cropping patterns. Although grain production still occupied a large portion in sown and planted areas, the share of sown areas declined from 67% to 44% for total grain crops, and 54% to 35% for rice between 1989 and 2002 in Fujian province. The change in crop spectrum and land use by urbanization has resulted in two extreme trends in topsoil — nutrient depletion in grain-dominated regions and nutrient overload in city suburbs. The positive correlation between nitrogen balance and local urban population in some years showed that urbanization affected nutrient balance in topsoil. The rapid changes in land use and crop spectrum caused by urbanization therefore created a challenge to the traditional soil nutrient management derived mainly from paddy fields and an urgent need for new management schemes in the province. The study provides valuable insights into nutrient management and soil sustainability in the context of rapid urbanization and population growth in Fujian.     

寒地梨种质资源表型多样性研究

对寒地梨种质资源表型性状的Simpson和Shannon多样性指数、标准差、变异系数和聚类分析等研究表明幼叶颜色、叶面状态、果实形状、抗寒性、抗梨黑星病、单果质量、可溶性固形物等性状多样性指数较高,变异度大,可为梨育种提供良好变异的群体;尤其是保存了多份极抗寒资源,抗寒性中等资源较少,无抗寒性弱和极弱的资源;果实形状多样性较高,而且性状间分布也较为均匀,可溶性固形物变异系数较大;大果型、抗梨黑星病类型资源分布较少,尚需收集、增加果个大、高抗病资源。     

枇杷种质资源枝梢与叶片性状多样性分析

对国家果树种质福州枇杷圃内不同来源地的240份枇杷种质资源的枝梢与叶片主要性状进行鉴定和评价,结果表明：枇杷的中心枝长度、中心枝粗度、侧枝长度、侧枝粗度、叶片长度和叶片宽度都存在丰富的多样性;性状相关性分析显示,枇杷中心枝长度和粗度之间、侧枝长度和粗度之间、叶片长度和宽度之间存在极显著的相关性;国外枇杷种质的中心枝和侧枝总体水平比国内的细小,叶片长、宽度则均比国内的大;栽培种在表型特征上表现为枝长叶大,其中心枝长度、中心枝粗度、侧枝长度、侧枝粗度、叶片长度和叶片宽度均大于野生种和野生近缘种;红肉和白肉枇杷的中心枝长度、中心枝粗度、侧枝长度、侧枝粗度、叶片长度和叶片宽度差异都不显著。     

云南枇杷野生种质资源叶片性状多样性分析

对147份云南枇杷野生资源叶片表型性状进行了调查分析,结果表明,这一群体枇杷种质资源的叶姿、叶形、叶片长度、叶片宽度、叶形指数、叶背茸毛、叶面形态、叶片横切面形状、叶面光泽、叶片颜色等性状均存在丰富的多样性。其中,叶背无茸毛的种质占77.62%,初步断定这个群体中的多数种质不是普通枇杷类型。     

Changes in the concept of genotype × environment interactions to fit agriculture diversification and decentralized participatory plant breeding: pluridisciplinary point of view

The standardization of environments (E) encouraged by modern society and by the productivist model of agriculture has resulted in the standardization of genotypes (G) thereby reducing G × E interaction. New societal values call for the diversification of agriculture to fit contrasted environments. This process can be depicted by four models defined by two axes, one socio-economic (individual logics versus collective governance), and the other agro-ecological (reductionist versus systemic approaches). These models differ in (i) their objectives (from improvement in yield to the empowerment of farmers), (ii) their specific expectations with respect to genotypes (from inherited genetic resources to varieties that represent genetic, ethical and social progress), (iii) their specific representations of the environment (E) (from a simple interaction between the bio-physical environment (B) and the crop management (C), to a complex interaction including the competences of the actors (A), outlets (O), regulations (R), society (S)), (iv) their particular relations between G and E (from G × E to G × B × C × A under evolving constraints represented by R × O × S). Taking this diversity into account changes the way plant improvement is considered. Thus, depending on the model, the order, interest and status of the five classic stages of plant improvement (setting objectives, creating variability, selecting, evaluating and disseminating) may be called into question. Between the existing analytical model (Model I) and a holistic model (Model IV) which remains to be developed, lies the challenge of ensuring the sustainability, efficiency and acceptability of plant breeding and resulting innovations. From a simple “statistical parameter” that we, as plant breeders, attempt to reduce, the G × E interaction is becoming an “objective” that we try to predict and valorize. Structuring the different components of E, G and G × E, enables us to extend the basic concept of representivity to both the cultivation conditions and the relational socio-economic positions of the actors involved.

云南栽培稻生态型矿质元素含量的多样性

用ICP-AES测定了新平县相同生态条件下种植653份云南稻资源糙米8种矿质元素含量，并按丁颖的栽培稻生态型对其遗传多样性进行了研究。结果表明，云南水稻改良品种糙米P、Fe和Zn含量比地方稻种分别下降10.53%、14.76%和35.16%，但改良品种特别是粳稻Ca含量比地方种高, 8种矿质元素以Ca的多样性指数最大；糙米P、Ca、Mg、Fe、Zu、Cu和Mn平均含量以粳稻的Mg、Fe和Zn，水稻的P、K和Mg，陆稻的Fe和Zn，糯稻的K和Fe，早稻的Mg和Fe相对较高。8种矿质元素平均遗传多样性指数依次为粳>籼,陆>水,粘>糯,早中稻>晚稻和地方种>改良种,且P>K>Mn>Mg>Cu>Zn>Fe>Ca；其变异系数依次为Fe>Ca>Cu>Zn>Mn>K>Mg >P。     

Study on the Changes of the Amount of Microorganism and Microbial Biomass Carbon in Soil of Greenhouse Cropping

通过对四川省温江、双流两地不同设施种植年限土壤中微生物数量及其生物量碳的研究,结果表明,不同设施种植年限大棚土壤中的微生物数量是露地的1.63~3.50倍,且大棚土壤中好气性微生物总数随种植年限的增加有逐渐降低的趋势,三大微生物数量占微生物总数的比例中,细菌表现为随设施种植年限的增加而增加;放线菌和真菌表现为下降;露地土壤微生物多样性指数分别是设施年限为1a、2a和4a的大棚土壤的1.29倍、2.28倍和3.45倍,前者明显高于后者。随设施年限的增加,土壤微生物生物量碳、有机碳及微生物对有机碳的利用率都表现     

高产水稻土细菌多样性的培养法与非培养法比较研究

利用细菌的通用引物扩增江西余江县高产水稻土红壤细菌总DNA和平板培养细菌混合总DNA的16S rDNA基因片段,在此基础上分别建立两种16S rDNA文库(文库a和文库b)。从两个文库中各随机挑选100个克隆,扩增出阳性克隆中的插入片段后选用HhaⅠ和RsaⅠ两种四碱基酶进行ARDRA(amplified rDNA restriction analysis)分析。统计比较分析发现,文库a的Shannon-Wienner指数、Simpson指数、丰富度、均一度分别为4.432、0.987、18.885和0.973,均高于文库b中相应的多样性参数(分别为2.271、0.758、5.736和0.501),即平板培养方法所展现的细菌群落结构多样性低于土壤中原始的多样性。结果表明,传统培养方法存在着很大的局限性,必须结合新的分子生物学技术手段才能更全面完善地认识土壤微生物群落结构多样性,以期充分利用其中丰富的微生物资源。