稻田土壤8种真菌对4种杀菌剂的敏感性分析

基于ITS-5.8s rDNA区序列,初步鉴定了浙江大学试验基地稻田土壤的8种常见真菌。采用菌丝生长速率法测定了井冈霉素、多菌灵、咪鲜胺和三唑酮4种常用杀菌剂对这8种土壤真菌的抑菌活性,以及多菌灵与咪鲜胺混用对禾柄锈菌、黑曲霉和长枝木霉3种真菌菌丝生长的抑制作用。结果表明:8种真菌对咪鲜胺最敏感,EC50值在0.091~3.1 mg/L之间;多菌灵的EC50值在0.15~1.8 mg/L之间;三唑酮的EC50值在0.57~8.5 mg/L之间;井冈霉素的敏感性最低,EC50在12~94 mg/L之间。由4种杀菌剂的SSDs曲线分析结果得出,不同真菌对杀菌剂敏感性存在显著差异。当多菌灵与咪鲜胺按其EC50值分别以体积比3∶2、1∶1和7∶3混用时,增效系数分别为1.615、1.039和1.042,表现出一定的协同或相加作用。本研究结果为进一步阐明杀菌剂对稻田生态系统真菌群落的生态效应及杀菌剂的科学合理使用提供了重要依据。     

三种植物精油对致倦库蚊成蚊的熏蒸活性及其混配增效作用

研究了香樟叶、香樟果实、天竺桂叶的水蒸气蒸馏精油对致倦库蚊Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus成蚊的熏蒸活性及其混配增效作用。结果表明:用香樟叶、香樟果实和天竺桂叶精油对致倦库蚊熏蒸20 min后,其24 h的LC50值分别为7.47、4.92和5.70μg/cm3;在设定的熏蒸剂量下,3种精油的半数击倒时间(KT50值)分别为16.62、15.91和16.98 min。将香樟叶精油与天竺桂叶精油以体积比1∶9、3∶7和5∶5混配,其共毒系数分别为152.09、158.20和152.86;将香樟果实精油与天竺桂叶精油以体积比1∶9、5∶5和7:3混配,其共毒系数分别为145.73、146.30和139.79。表明3种植物精油均对致倦库蚊成蚊具有显著的熏蒸活性,将其以适当比例混配后具有增效作用。     

Selective logging of lowland evergreen rainforests in Chiloé Island, Chile: Effects of changing tree species composition on soil nitrogen transformations

Lowland evergreen rainforests in southern Chile growing on highly productive soils and accessible sites have been subjected to traditional and industrial logging of valuable timber trees. Old-growth rain forests in this area are characterized by highly conservative N cycles, which results in an efficient N use of ecosystems. We hypothesize that different logging practices, by changing forest structure and species composition, can alter the quantity and quality (i.e. C/N ratio) of litterfall and soil organic matter and soil microbial processes that determine N storage and availability. To test this hypothesis we investigated chemical properties, microbial N transformations, N fluxes and N storage in soils of lowland evergreen rainforests of Chiloé Island after 10 years since industrial selective logging (ISL) and in stands subjected to traditional selective logging (TSL) by landowners in small properties. We compared them to reference unlogged old-growth stands (OG) in the same area. Tree basal area was more reduced in the stands subjected to ISL than to TSL. Litterfall inputs were similar in both logging treatments as in OG stands. This was due to greater biomass of understory species after logging. In TSL understory tree species determined a higher litterfall C/N ratio than ISL. We found higher soil N availability and content of base cations in surface soils of logged forests than in OG. The litter horizon of OG forest had significantly higher rates of non-symbiotic N fixation than logged forests. In the ISL treatment there was a trend toward increasing soil denitrification and significantly higher NO₃–N/N_t ratio in spring waters, which led to a stronger δ¹⁵N signal in surface and deep soils. We conclude that massive understory occupation by the shade-intolerant native bamboo Chusquea quila in ISL led to enhanced litter quality (lower C/N ratios) relaxing the tightness of the N cycle, which increased soil N availability leading to a higher proportion of nitrate in spring waters and higher gaseous N losses. In contrast, under TSL a higher litterfall C/N ratio slowed decomposition and net N mineralization rates thus reducing the chances for N losses, and enhancing C and N storage in soil. We suggest that sustainable logging practices in these rain forests should be based on lower rates of canopy removal to enhance colonization of the understory by shade-tolerant trees, which are associated with a more efficient N cycle.     

高校图书馆在区域图书馆协同发展中的作为

分析了高校图书馆在区域图书馆协同发展中的作为。高校图书馆可以充分发挥自己优势和特点,以共享软件方式推动地区其它图书馆硬件的提升,将高校的教学理念运用于业务培训,依托校外实训基地建立图书站点,联合共建特色书库和特色数据库,对公务人员提供信息培训以吸引支持,促进该地区图书馆事业的协同发展。     

Efficacy of a Fructus mume Extract Combination with Stable Chlorine in Preventing Bacterial Contamination in Frozen Mackerel (Scomber japonicus) Fillets

ABSTRACT

A combination composed of Fructus mume extract and stable chlorine dioxide was investigated for its antibacterial activity, mechanism of action, and its application against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in mackerel (Scomber japonicus) fillets. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values against E. coli and S. aureus ranged from 0.9–1.2 and 1.3–1.6 mg/mL for F. mume extract and 0.004–0.006 and 0.007–0.010 mg/mL for stable chlorine dioxide, respectively. We observed a mechanism of action against E. coli that involved a pore-formation role that led to cell membrane damage. In the case of S. aureus, the mechanism of action is believed to be mediated by the combination’s activity as a metabolite disrupting agent. Here, the amount of bacteria was greatly reduced in mackerel fillets treated with the combination. Moreover, the flavor and texture properties of fillets were not significantly affected by this treatment (p < 0.05). These findings suggested that the combination has promise in being used as an additive to a broader class of foodstuffs.     

华北落叶松人工林土壤微生物数量特征及其与土壤性质的关系

对河北省木兰围场华北落叶松人工林样地的土壤微生物数量、土壤理化性质以及二者之间的相关性进行了研究,结果表明:土壤深度和林分类型均显著影响土壤理化性质,随着土壤深度的增加,基本表现为:土壤含水量和土壤养分质量分数降低,土壤密度增大,落叶松白桦混交林的土壤齐分质量分数显著高于其他样地,表明针阔混交林有利于土壤养分的循环、转...     

4种中药三联用对鳗鲡致病菌的抑制作用

应用超微粉碎法将虎杖、石榴皮、大黄以及五倍子4种中药进行加工处理至粒径为5～10μm后,组成4个三联用的中药复方,针对近年来从福建各地养殖场病鳗中常检测到的9株致病菌,采用琼脂稀释法测定其抑菌最低浓度.试验结果表明:虎杖、石榴皮、大黄和五倍子组合的4个中药复方对9株养殖鳗鲡主要致病菌均有一定的协同抑制作用,其协同效应因...     

增效剂加倍杀对井冈霉素防治玉米纹枯病的增效作用

通过表面张力、接触角、沉积量和田间药效试验测定,初步探讨了加倍杀对井冈霉素防治玉米纹枯病的增效作用。结果表明,井冈霉素药液中加入加倍杀,能显著降低药液的表面张力和接触角,增加药液在玉米叶片上的沉积量,加倍杀最佳加入量为井冈霉素制剂量的15%。室内毒力测定和田间药效试验结果表明,加倍杀在离体条件下对井冈霉素抑制玉米纹枯病菌的菌丝生长无明显的增效作用,但能有效提高井冈霉素防治玉米纹枯病的田间防治效果,减少药剂用量。初步推断加倍杀对井冈霉素防治玉米纹枯病的增效机理是由于改善了药液的理化性能。     

一氧化氮与植物激素之间相互作用研究进展

文章主要阐述了植物中NO在一些激素如生长素、细胞分裂素、细胞脱落酸及在种子萌发和细胞程序性死亡（PCD）等调控的生理反应中的协同作用,指出NO和乙烯的比率决定着植物的成熟和衰老发生;关于NO在各种反应中内源的产生机制、NO在植物细胞和组织间的传递途径以及NO的靶分子等问题还需要进一步深入研究。并提出在植物生长发育方面,NO与植物激素功能存在着重叠,而它们之间是怎样协同发挥功能将是今后深入研究的热点方向。     

SpltNPV和SeNPV几丁质酶基因大肠杆菌表达产物对病毒的增效作用

为明确杆状病毒几丁质酶对病毒杀虫剂的增效作用,采用PCR扩增获得斜纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒(SpltNPV)不含N-端信号肽序列的几丁质酶基因片段SpltNPVChiA/S-和甜菜夜蛾核型多角体病毒(SeNPV)几丁质酶基因编码区全序列SeNPVChiA,分别克隆入原核表达载体pET-28a,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),获得高效表达,表达蛋白的分子量为62 kD和66 kD.将含有表达产物SphNPVChiA/S-和SeNPVChiA的大肠杆菌菌液分别与SphNPV或SeNPV一起加入人工饲料,饲喂3龄斜纹夜蛾或甜菜夜蛾幼虫,两种幼虫取食后致死时间均显著缩短,其中,SpltNPV Spit-NPVChiA/S-和SphNPV SeNPVChiA的LT50比SphNPV对照处理缩短0.90天和0.89天,LT90缩短1.90天和1.97天;SeNPV SphNPVChiA/S-和SeNPV SeNPVChiA的LT50比SeNPV对照处理缩短0.47天和0.50天,LT90缩短0.57天和0.59天;而pET-28a/BL21对病毒的侵染无明显增效作用.两种病毒几丁质酶基因的大肠杆菌表达产物对病毒早期侵染均有明显的增效作用,但同源几丁质酶和异源几丁质酶对病毒的增效作用没有显著差异.